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| Type of the activities | Subjects | Activities | Mechanisms | Ref. |
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| Antitumor action | Total triterpenoids | In vitro, the concentration of 80 μg/mL extract could induce RKO cell line apoptosis, IC50 was 34.14 μg/mL | Inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer RKO cells and induces the apoptosis of colon cancer RKO cells through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway | [68] |
| Triterpenes | In vitro, the concentration of 30 μg/mL extract could inhibit the proliferation of A549 cell line, IC50 was 109.9 μg/mL | Inhibition of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway can prolong the duration of metastasis from early to advanced lung cancer | [69] |
| PA | In vitro, compared with 0 μg/mL group, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL groups could significantly increase the apoptosis rate of 786–0 renal carcinoma cells | Inhibition of Wnt signaling pathway induced apoptosis in 786–0 renal carcinoma cells | [70] |
| PA | In vitro, 20.0 μmol/L PA promoted the apoptosis of Caski cells | Inhibit the survival of cervical cancer Caski cells and promote apoptosis by inhibiting TRIM29 expression and downregulating Wnt pathway activity | [71] |
| PA | In vitro, 1, 2, 5 μmol/L PAC inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells | The mechanism of action is related to the activation of PARP | [72] |
| Poria ethanol extract | Poria ethanol extract (at 150 μg/mL) could induce apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 value of 2.13 ± 0.34 μg/mL | By inducing mitochondria and death receptors to mediate apoptosis; the arrest of the G0/G1 cell cycle promotes apoptosis | [73] |
| PA | In vitro, PA inhibited the proliferation of sgc-70901 cells at the concentrations of 0, 20, 40, and 80 μM | Block the G0/G1 cell cycle | [74] |
| PA | In vitro, 50 μg/mL PA can significantly reduce the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells | Apoptosis is mediated in part by the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway and caspase 3/7 activity | [75] |
| PAC | In vitro, PAC (30, 40, 50 mg/mL) can significantly reduce the migration rate and increase the apoptosis rate of human cancer HeLa cells (IC50 is 60 mg/mL) | The proapoptotic mechanism may be related to inhibition of phosphating of the ERK signaling pathway | [52] |
| FMGP | In vitro, the concentration of FMGP at 400 μg/mL significantly inhibited the migration of highly metastatic human lung cancer cell line CL1-5 cells | By inhibiting the TGFβRI mediated signaling pathway | [53] |
| CMP3 | In vitro, the IC50 value was 26.34 ± 0.77, and the concentration of CMP3 was 100 μg/mL, which had the highest inhibitory rate on HepG2 cells | Apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor pathway | [54] |
| PPSW-1 and Sul-W-1 | The concentration of PPSW-1 and Sul-W-1 at 100 μg/mL had a strong inhibitory effect on the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro | Inhibition of the expression of the SATB1 gene reduces the migration ability of cancer cells | [56] |
|
| Immune regulation | Total triterpenes of Poria | Total triterpenes of Poria can improve the immune function of mice in vitro (at 40, 20, 10 μg/mL) and in vivo (at 400, 200, 100 mg/kg) | — | [76] |
| S-CMP | S-CMP (at 100, 200 mg/kg) showed immunoactivity in BALB/c mice | — | [57] |
| Poria polysaccharide | Poria polysaccharide has immunomodulatory activity in vivo (at 200 mg/kg) and in vitro (at 200 g/mL) | Immunoregulatory activity is exerted through TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo | [77] |
| Poria polysaccharide | Poria polysaccharide had immunomodulatory activity in vitro (at 200 μg/mL) | Immunoregulatory activity is exerted through Ca2+/PKC/p38/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages | [78] |
|
| Effects on kidney | Poria polysaccharide | Poria polysaccharide (at 50, 100, 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the inflammatory response of diabetic nephropathy rats in vivo | — | [79] |
| Poria polysaccharides | In vivo Poria polysaccharides (at 200, 400 mg/kg) had a protective effect on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice | Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammatory stress induced by NF-κB pathway plays a protective role in the kidney | [80] |
| WRP | In vivo, WRP (200 mg/kg) can inhibit the trend of renal cell apoptosis in the diabetic states | Inhibition of Bax gene overexpression in renal tissue decreased apoptosis of renal cells | [58] |
| Pachymaran | Pachymaran can prevent renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with type 2 diabetic nephropathy in vivo at doses of 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg, respectively | — | [81] |
| PPC | In vivo, PPC at 2 g/kg has anti-hyperuricemia activity | Uric acid excretion was increased by upregulating rOAT1 expression and downregulating rURAT1 expression | [59] |
| Poricoic acid ZC, Poricoic acid ZD, and Poricoic acid ZE | Poricoic acid ZC, poricoic acid ZD, and Poricoic acid ZE can prevent tubulointerstitial fibrosis in vivo (at 10 mg/kg) and in vitro (at 10 μM) | By inhibiting the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and blocking Smad3 phosphorylation, renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis was reduced | [82] |
| Poricoic acid ZG and Poricoic acid ZH | Poricoic acid ZG and poricoic acid ZH (at 10 μM) can inhibit renal fibrosis in vitro | Attenuate renal fibrosis via a Wnt/β-catenin pathway and targeted phosphorylation of smad3 signaling | [83] |
| Poricoic acid A | Poricoic acid A (at 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) has diuretic activity in vivo | — | [84] |
| Dehydroabietic acid methyl ester | The authors found that methyl dehydroabietic acid may be the diuretic substance of Poria | — | [85] |
| Poria aqueous extract | In vivo, Poria aqueous extract can increase the urine volume of rabbits | — | [86] |
|
| Hepatoprotective activity | Poria polysaccharides | Effects of Poria polysaccharides on liver protection against acetaminophen-injured hepatocytes in vitro (at 200 and 400 mg/kg) and in vivo (at 20 and 40 g/L) | Through the molecular mechanisms of reducing hepatocellular inflammatory stress and Hsp90 bioactivity | [87] |
| Carboxymethyl pachyman | Carboxymethyl pachyman in vivo (at 50 mg/kg) can alleviate liver injury of CT26 mice induced by 5-FU | Hepatoprotective activity through regulation of NF-κB, Nrf2-ARE and MAPK/P38/JNK pathways | [88] |
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| Effects on blood sugar | Pachymic acid | In vitro pachymic acid (at 1 μM) can increase glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Hypoglycemic activity through regulation of PI3K and AMPK pathways | [89] |
| WRP | WRP (at 200 mg/kg) had hypoglycemic effects on NIDDM mice in vitro | — | [90] |
| Insoluble polysaccharide | Insoluble polysaccharide (at 1.0 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg) can improve the symptoms of hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice in vivo | Hypoglycemic activity through regulation of intestinal flora | [91] |
|
| Antioxidant effects | Carboxymethyl sulfate Poria polysaccharide | Carboxymethyl sulfate Poria polysaccharide had the strongest scavenging effect on OH and O2− and there was an agent-activity relationship. When the sample concentration was 4.5 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of OH and·O2− were 79% and 84.2%, respectively, which indicated that the sample had a certain antioxidant activity. | — | [64] |
| PCP-M | PCP-M polysaccharides (at 2.0 mg/mL) had antioxidant activity in vitro | — | [60] |
| Carboxymethyl-pachyman | In vivo, carboxymethyl-pachyman (at 200 mg/kg) has antioxidant activity | — | [92] |
|
| Anti-inflammatory effects | Poricoic acid A | The concentration of 10, 20, 50 μM showed anti-inflammatory activity in vitro | Anti-inflammatory effects through downregulation of iNOS and COX-2 expression and inhibition of NO and PGE2 production | [93] |
| PA | In vitro PA (at 25, 50, 100 mg/L) inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation and oxidative stress damage in SH-SY5Y | It may be a mechanism of action to inhibit apoptosis by downregulating Nrf2 of the ERK/Nrf2 signaling pathway into the nucleus | [94] |
| Poricoic acid C | Poricoic acid C (50, 100 μM) had anti-inflammatory activity on RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS in vitro | Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression through downregulation of NF-κB exerts anti-inflammatory effects | [30] |
| CMP33 | CMP33 (62.5–1000 μg/mL) has anti-inflammatory activity in vitro | Anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the overproduction of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells | [51] |
| Poria polysaccharide | In vivo, Poria polysaccharide (at 5, 100, 200 mg/kg) can reduce the infiltration degree of colitis | Anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway activation | [95] |
|
| Effects on the gut | 16α-Hydroxytrametenolic Acid | In vitro, 16α-hydroxytrametenolic Acid (60 μM) can improve intestinal barrier function | Improving intestinal barrier function via PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway | [96] |
| Poria ethanol extract | Poria ethanol extract (at 32 g/mL) inhibited intestinal contraction in vitro | Inhibits spontaneous and spastic contractions of the small intestine by inhibiting M receptors and regulating potassium and calcium channels | [97] |
| Poria powder and water-soluble polysaccharide | In vivo, Poria powder (at 2.0 g/kg) and water-soluble polysaccharide (at 7.6 mg/kg) can protect against intestinal damage caused by cisplatin | Water-soluble polysaccharides exert enteroprotective activity through intestinal flora and metabolic regulation | [16] |
| Poria powder | Poria powder (at 50 μg/kg) can increase the level of intestinal bifidobacteria in mice in vivo | — | [98] |
|
| Antidepressant | Sulfated pachymaran | In vivo, sulfated pachymaran (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) had an antidepressant effect compared with the depression model group | Antidepressant activity through increased protein expression of p-CREB and BDNF | [61] |
| PCWPW and PCWPS | In vivo, PCWPW and PCWPS (300 mg/kg) possess antidepressant-like effects | — | [62] |
|
| Other biological activities | Total triterpenes and poricoic acid A | In vitro, the effects of total triterpenes and poricoic acid A on the inhibition of tyrosinase activity in cells increased with a rising concentration of 12.5 μg/mL | Pharmacological activity through inhibition of monophenolic and diphenolic enzyme activities in tyrosinase | [99] |
| Poria ethanol extract | Poria ethanol extract (at 100 μg/mL) can reduce the expression of tyrosinase and MITF in B16F10 in vitro, and applying 2% ointment containing Poria extract on cheeks in vivo can reduce the skin color value | By regulating tyrosinase activity and MITF expression to reduce the production of melanin | [100] |
| Poria chloroform extract | Poria chloroform extract (at 2∼3 mg/mL) has a strong tyrosinase inhibition effect in vitro | Poria chloroform extract can inhibit the activity of tyrosinase in the process of melanin production and effectively regulate the production of melanin, which is suitable for the development of whitening products for treating pigmented skin diseases | [101] |
| PA | PA (100 mg/kg) has significant neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and neuronal apoptosis in vivo | The mechanism of action may be related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway | [102] |
| Total triterpenes in Poria cocos peel (TTP) | In vivo, TTP (100 mg/kg) has antiepileptic activity | — | [103] |
| Poria aqueous extract, alcohol extract, and Poria polysaccharide | In vivo, Poria aqueous extract (at 30, 60, 120 mg/kg), Poria alcoholic extract (at 25, 50, 100 mg/kg), and Poria polysaccharide (at 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) protect against acute liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride | Protects the liver by enhancing the liver's antioxidant capacity and reducing inflammation | [104] |
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