Characterization of Commercial TiO<sub>2</sub> P90 Modified with ZnO by the Impregnation Method

Dontsova, Tetiana А.; Yanushevska, Olena I.; Nahirniak, Svitlana V.; Kutuzova, Anastasiya S.; Krymets, Grigory V.; Smertenko, Petro S.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9378490

Journal of Chemistry

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 9378490 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9378490

Characterization of Commercial TiO₂ P90 Modified with ZnO by the Impregnation Method

Tetiana А. Dontsova,¹Olena I. Yanushevska,¹Svitlana V. Nahirniak,¹Anastasiya S. Kutuzova,¹Grigory V. Krymets,¹and Petro S. Smertenko²

Academic Editor: Shafaqat Ali

Received26 Jul 2020

Revised09 Feb 2021

Accepted29 Mar 2021

Published07 Apr 2021

Abstract

This article is devoted to TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites’ creation by modifying with the commercial TiO₂/P90 product using the impregnation method and identifying the effect of the ZnO modifier on its adsorption, structural, photocatalytic, and electrical properties. The synthesized TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, XRF, XPS, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods. As a result, nanostructured TiO₂/ZnO composites with the ZnO content of 2, 5, 10, and 15% were obtained. It was shown that the phase composition of TiO₂/P90 does not change during the nanocomposite synthesis. XPS studies of TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites indicated the presence of Ti⁴⁺, Zn²⁺, O²⁻, and OH states on their surface, which is associated with TiO₂, ZnO, and hydroxide ions. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption method showed that the commercial TiO₂/P90 sample is nonporous, and all TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites are characterized by almost the same homogeneous mesoporous structure. Experimentally established sorption and photocatalytic properties depend on the specific surface area and electrostatic interaction with dyes. The effect of the ZnO modifier on I-V characteristics of the TiO₂/P90 sample was revealed. The obtained experimental data showed that the TiO₂/P90 sample contains one type of current carriers, and TiO₂/2ZnO and TiO₂/5ZnO nanocomposites are characterized by two types of current carriers.

1. Introduction

Semiconductor nanomaterials based on metal oxides have recently attracted more and more attention due to their interesting properties. They can be successfully used in applied ecology, in particular, as catalysts, photocatalysts, and other materials where their unique electrical properties are required [1–4].

One of the well-known semiconductor metal oxide nanomaterials is titanium (IV) oxide (TiO₂), as evidenced by more than 20,000 publications on TiO₂ in ScienceDirect over the past 5 years. TiO₂ forms several structural modifications, the main of which are tetragonal (rutile and anatase) and orthorhombic (brookite). Among them, anatase and rutile modifications are the most widely recognized in the scientific community as a promising nanomaterial for environmental applications [5].

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is the most popular application of TiO₂. It is well known that the ultimate photoefficiency of each photocatalyst strongly depends on its physicochemical properties such as specific surface area, particle size, and phase composition, as well as on the synthesis method and precursors’ type used to obtain it [6–11]. Another potential TiO₂ application is sensory, where it can be successfully used as a sensitive chemoresistive layer of gas sensors [12–14]. The use of TiO₂ in photovoltaics is also promising and practically significant [15, 16]. These are only a few examples of titanium (IV) oxide applications, based on prominent characteristics of TiO₂ such as structural, adsorption, (photo) catalytic, and electrical properties, which, depending on the synthesis conditions, can differ significantly [17–19].

Adjustment of physicochemical properties of titanium (IV) oxide is also possible by doping, modifying, and creating TiO₂-based nanocomposites [20–28]. In all cases, it is quite feasible to implement desired improvements in order to obtain certain physical and chemical properties. Creation of nanocomposites based on TiO₂ is extremely promising due to the extension of the “life” of photoexcited “electron-hole” pairs in comparison with pure metal oxides [29–32]. To obtain TiO₂-based nanocomposites, the following semiconductor materials are usually used: ZnO, Fe₂O₃, WO₃, CdS, ZnS, Cu₂O, CuO SnO₂, and V₂O₅, among which zinc oxide stands out [28].

ZnO crystallizes in three crystalline structures—cubic rock salt, cubic zinc blende, and hexagonal wurtzite—among which only the latter is thermodynamically stable under normal conditions. ZnO is characterized by unique electrical and optical properties that allow its successful environmental application, namely, as a photocatalyst, which has long competed with the most popular TiO₂, and as a sensitive layer of gas sensors [33, 34].

It is known that both titanium (IV) oxide and zinc oxide are n-type broadband semiconductors with a bandgap of 3.2 eV (anatase) and 3.37 eV, respectively. They have similar physicochemical properties and characteristics such as nontoxicity, high photoactivity, and low cost [35–37]. However, high photoactivity of both TiO₂ and ZnO is limited by absorption of wavelengths not exceeding 385 nm and high recombination rate of “electron-hole” pairs [37]. It is reported that a significant improvement in optical and photochemical properties can be achieved by creating nanostructures with both TiO₂ and ZnO due to better charge separation in them [35–38]. Besides, it is noted that the obtainment of nanocomposites of different TiO₂/ZnO morphology results in nanocomposite structures capable to absorb wavelengths in the visible light region [38]. Thus, the similarity of TiO₂ and ZnO properties can make their combined use in the form of nanocomposites a successful solution to the problems of low concentration of charged carriers, high recombination rate of “electron-hole” pairs, light absorption difficulty in the visible region, etc.

Various researchers have shown that, in order to create effective nanocomposite photocatalysts, it is necessary to vary synthesis methods, particle morphology, surface chemistry, degree of crystallinity/amorphousness, mass ratios of components in the TiO₂-ZnO system, etc. [39–41]. Increased photostability, accompanied by improved catalytic activity, is one of the factors justifying the creation of nanocomposites of mixed (binary) oxides, which are considered as promising photocatalysts for environmental applications. Such materials can also be used in lithium batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells [42]. The interaction of TiO₂ and ZnO in nanocomposite structures is expected to improve physical and chemical properties (such as electrical conductivity and charge carrier concentration) compared to individual phases of pure oxides [43]. Thus, creation of binary structures, namely, TiO₂-ZnO, will promote the formation of new nanocomposite materials with new and/or improved characteristics. Although several studies on the creation and investigation of TiO₂-ZnO nanocomposites have been presented in the literature to date, it is still unclear how ZnO and its content affect photocatalytic and electrical properties. Therefore, additional research on the effect of ZnO on the TiO₂ characteristics will provide a better understanding of the change in its properties to purposefully alter them.

To obtain such binary nanocomposites and study their photocatalytic and electrical properties, the use of commercial TiO₂ samples is of particular interest, which are widely available and already well studied in the literature [44, 45]. Among commercial photocatalysts, TiO₂ P25 (Evonik, Germany) is widely used as a reference of its thorough studies [46–48]. However, in our opinion, the commercial product of TiO₂ P90 from the same company may be a more interesting material for creating adsorbents, (photo) catalysts, gas sensor sensitive layers, and other functional materials due to the larger specific surface area [44]. P90 is characterized by almost 2 times higher specific surface area (90–110 m²/g) compared to P25 (50–70 m²/g). The average size of P90 particles is smaller (∼30 nm) than in the P25 sample (∼50 nm), and the content of the anatase phase in the P90 sample is slightly higher (91–92%) than that in P25 TiO₂ (87–88%).

Therefore, the current work is aimed at the modification of the commercial product TiO₂ P90 with zinc oxide by a simple impregnation method to obtain TiO₂-ZnO nanocomposites and to evaluate the effect of the ZnO modifier on the adsorption, structural, photocatalytic, and electrical properties of TiO₂ P90.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The following reagents were used in the work: titanium (IV) oxide (TiO₂, Aeroxide® TiO₂ P90, Evonik, Germany); zinc nitrate (Zn(NO₃)₂∙6H₂O, Merck KGaA, Germany); nitric acid (НNO₃, 65%, Merck KGaA, Germany); methylene blue dye (С₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S, Carlo Erba Reagents, France); and Congo red dye (C₃₂H₂₂N₆Na₂O₆S₂, Carlo Erba Reagents, France). All used reagents were of high chemical purity grade.

2.2. Synthesis

The synthesis of nanocomposites was performed by the impregnation method [49]. 10 mL of zinc nitrate solution was added dropwise under stirring to 1 g of TiO₂. Concentration of zinc nitrate solution was calculated so that it corresponded to 2, 5, 10, and 15% of ZnO in the final nanocomposite. The resulting suspensions were first left for 12 hours, then dried at 100°C for 60 minutes, and calcined at 500°C for 60 minutes. As a result, samples labeled TiO₂/2ZnO, TiO₂/5ZnO, TiO₂/10ZnO, and TiO₂/15ZnO were obtained, respectively.

2.3. Characterization of Р90 and TiO₂/ZnO Nanocomposites

The phase composition determination of the studied samples was performed on an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Ultima IV (Japan)) with CuKα radiation (40 kW, 30 mA). Calculations were done automatically using standard cards: № 01-078-4187 (rutile), № 01-070-7348 (anatase), and № 01-077-0191 (wurtzite). The chemical composition of the synthesized nanocomposites was determined by the X-ray fluorescence method using the analyzer EXPERT 3L IHAM (Ukraine). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra were obtained using Kratos AXIS-165 spectrometer (England) with Al mono Kalfa X-ray. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were obtained on Quantachrome® Nova 4200e (USA). Sorption and photocatalytic properties were evaluated by the discoloration degree of dyes of different nature (methylene blue (MB), C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S, or Congo red (CR), C₃₂H₂₂N₆Na₂O₆S₂).

Volt-ampere characteristics (I-V characteristics) of the studied samples were measured in the quasi-stationary mode using an automated tester 14TKC-100 both in the dark and under illumination 0.03 AM0. For this, the powders were placed between two clear glass plates with ITO electrodes and a resistance of 30 Ohm/□, and the distance between the plates was 2 μm.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. XRD and Chemical Composition

Figure 1 presents diffraction patterns of samples TiO₂/P90, TiO₂/2ZnO, TiO₂/5ZnO, TiO₂/10ZnO, and TiO₂/15ZnO, respectively.

According to the presented diffractograms, the phases of anatase and rutile are observed for the TiO₂/P90 sample; for TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites in all cases, there are phases of anatase, rutile, and wurtzite (ZnO).

Table 1 shows the phase composition (automatically calculated by the PDXL software package), ZnO content (determined by the X-ray fluorescence method), and the crystallite size (calculated by the Scherrer equation). The presented phase composition for the TiO₂/P90 sample and TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites indicates that the modification and synthesis temperature (500°C) do not change the phase composition of TiO₂/P90.

X-ray phase and X-ray fluorescence analysis methods (Table 1) confirm the theoretically calculated content of zinc oxide in nanocomposites. The ZnO content is 2, 5, 10, and 15%. The average crystallite size for all samples is in the range of 5.1–6.9 nm for TiO₂ and 3.4–6.0 nm for ZnO. Thus, it can be stated that TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites with the theoretically calculated ZnO content were obtained without changing the phase composition of TiO₂/P90.

3.2. XPS

Surface states of TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, resulting in XPS spectra, which are shown in Figure 2. The survey spectra of TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites (Figure 2(a)) indicate the presence of Ti, Zn, O, and C (hydrocarbons from the XPS device). Native XPS spectra of Ti 2p, Zn 2p, and O 1s for TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites are shown in Figures 2(b), 2(c), and 2(d), respectively. The XPS data report showed the presence of Ti⁴⁺ for titanium, Zn²⁺ for zinc, and O²⁻ for oxygen on the surface of nanocomposites.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The spectrum for Ti 2p (Figure 2(b)) contains two peaks: the first one at about 458.5 eV refers to the binding energy of Ti 2p3/2, and the second one at about 464 eV corresponds to the binding energy of Ti 2p1/2 [30]. For all nanocomposites, the XPS Zn 2p spectra (Figure 2(c)) also show two peaks approximately at 1021.1 eV and 1044 eV, which are characteristics of Zn 2p3/2 and Zn 2p1/2, respectively [50–52]. The absence of other Zn 2p peaks indicates that zinc ions form ZnO and that they are not part of the TiO₂ lattice. The XPS O 1s spectra (Figure 2(d)) for all nanocomposites are also identical and are characterized by peaks at 529.2 eV and 531.7 eV, which correspond to oxygen bound in the crystal lattice of metal oxides and hydroxyl oxygen (OH) on the sample surface, respectively [53].

Thus, the study of TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites by XPS analysis revealed the surface element compositions: Ti⁴⁺ for titanium, Zn²⁺ for zinc, and O^2- for oxygen. In addition, the presence of hydroxide ions (OH) on their surface was found.

3.3. Structural and Adsorption Characteristics

Figure 3 displays nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for all samples. As can be seen from the isotherms, the TiO₂/P90 sample and TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites have different porous structures.

Thus, according to the IUPAC classification [54], the TiO₂/P90 sample has type III adsorption isotherm, which is a characteristic of nonporous or macroporous materials. The isotherms of all samples modified with zinc oxide have a slightly different form; the isotherm of type III is transformed into type V, namely, to V (a). This indicates a transition from a nonporous structure to a mesoporous one, which developed as a result of the modification.

Analyzing the resulting hysteresis loops in TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites, it can be noted that they belong to type H2 (b), although being very similar to type H1 [54]. The reason for this might be that nanocomposites have open ink-bottle pores that are homogeneous and have approximately the same neck size and pore width.

The pore size distribution for all samples is shown in Figure 4, which confirms the presence of a nonporous structure for TiO₂/P90 and the appearance of mesopores of almost the same size for TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites.

Specific surface areas determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation decrease from 113 m²/g to 60 m²/g with the increase in the ZnO content (Table 2). This indicates the aggregation of titanium (IV) oxide particles during modification and heat treatment. Obtained by the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method, the average pore diameter for all samples correlates with the obtained isotherm types and porous structures and is in the range of 6.8–10.8 nm.

3.4. Adsorption and Photocatalytic Properties

Adsorption-photocatalytic properties were investigated by the discoloration degree of aqueous dye solutions (methylene blue at 664 nm and Congo red at 505 nm), which was determined by the following equation (%) [31]:where is the optical density of the initial dye solution and is the optical density of the solution after adsorption/photocatalysis.

The results of adsorption-photocatalytic studies are presented in Table 3.

It can be seen that both TiO₂/P90 sample and TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites have low sorption activity towards the cationic dye MB (0–7%) and high sorption activity towards the anionic dye CR (82–96%). It is probably associated with the negative charge of their surface [30] and the corresponding electrostatic interaction between the surface of nanocomposites and dyes. In this case, as a result of the sorption interaction of the studied samples with MB, there is low dye removal efficiency on the TiO₂/5ZnO sample, and there is low removal efficiency of CR on TiO₂/2ZnO.

Photocatalytic removal of MB from the aqueous solution is significantly different from the sorption experiments. It is characterized by a greater discoloration degree, which is 19–91%, and decreases with the increase in the zinc oxide content. This fact correlates well with the change in the specific surface area. Photocatalytic discoloration of CR is in accordance with the sorption removal of this dye on TiO₂/P90 and TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites and is slightly higher, which indicates, first of all, strong electrostatic interaction of the studied samples with the anionic dye.

3.5. Electrical Characteristics

I-V characteristics measured for three samples of TiO₂/P90, TiO₂/2ZnO, and TiO₂/5ZnO are shown in Figures 5–7, respectively. These two nanocomposites were chosen for the study because of the similarity of their properties with TiO₂/10ZnO and TiO₂/15ZnO samples in terms of adsorption and structural characteristics and their better sorption-photocatalytic properties.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Additionally, dimensionless sensitivity (α) was calculated for the studied samples by determining the slope of the curves in the double logarithmic scale (log-log scale) according to the equation . Thus, analyzing the I-V characteristics, we can see that all samples have both common features and differences. General features include the following phenomena. At high applied voltages, both in the dark and under the illumination, I-V characteristics almost merge, which indicates that injection processes mainly take place at the grain boundaries. Conductivity at high voltage is almost linear, which is also further confirmed by the value of dimensionless sensitivity α = 1. Besides, photosensitivity in the low-voltage range was detected for all samples. In general, I-V curves of all samples in the region up to 1 V are predominantly nonlinear, where the superlinear sections alternate with the sublinear sections several times.

The differences found in the samples are interesting. Thus, individual features of pure titanium (IV) oxide TiO₂/P90 show the presence of the region with α = 0.75 slope in the dark in the low-voltage region. When illuminated, I-V characteristics become sublinear with α = 0.5, which is a characteristic of rectifying I-V characteristic. For the I-V curve obtained in the dark, there are regions with α = 2.0 that is a characteristic of monomolecular recombination when one type of current carriers dominates. When illuminated, a region with α = 1.5 appears on the I-V curve, which is a characteristic of bimolecular recombination, when the concentrations of the main and nonbasic current carriers are close to each other. That is, illumination facilitates the injection of nonbasic current carriers from the anode contact. The ratio of currents in the light and in the dark is 6.

The TiO₂/2ZnO sample has slightly different features. Thus, the addition of ZnO in the amount of 2% increases the current almost by one order of magnitude in the dark, and I-V characteristics are also characterized by a region with α = 0.75. I-V characteristics of the TiO₂/2ZnO sample under the illumination have a photovoltaic region, and both I-V characteristics have areas with α = 1.5, which is typical of bimolecular recombination, so the addition of ZnO promotes the injection of nonbasic current carriers.

Further increase of the ZnO content to 5% in pure titanium (IV) oxide significantly increases, up to five orders, the current in the dark compared to TiO₂/2ZnO. I-V characteristics for this sample are linear with α = 1 in the entire applied voltage range. I-V characteristics of the TiO₂/5ZnO sample under illumination are also characterized by α = 1.5, which is inherent in bimolecular recombination.

Thus, it can be stated that the addition of ZnO to TiO₂ changes both quantitative and qualitative parameters of I-V characteristics of the TiO₂/P90 sample. The photovoltaic effect in the presence of 2% ZnO and the inversion of the light current in case of 5% ZnO concentration are unusual. The found regularities indicate the prospects of using the TiO₂/P90 sample in structures for which there must be one type of current carriers, for example, photoresistors and sensors based on the effect of the main current carrier injection. TiO₂/2ZnO and TiO₂/5ZnO can be used in structures for which two types of current carriers are required, for example, in the converters of solar energy into electricity.

4. Conclusions

TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites were obtained by impregnating commercial TiO₂/P90 manufactured by Evonik in order to determine the effect of the ZnO modifier on the adsorption, structural, photocatalytic, and electrical properties of the nanocomposites. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, XRF, XPS, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption method, and their sorption, photocatalytic, and electrical properties were investigated.

It was found that modification does not change the phase composition of TiO₂/P90, and the ZnO content determined by diffraction and X-ray fluorescence methods corresponds to the theoretically calculated one. In all cases, nanostructured TiO₂/ZnO composites were obtained (crystallite sizes in the range of 3.4–6.9 nm).

The study of the surface chemical states of TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites by XPS analysis revealed the degree of oxidation on their surface: Ti⁴⁺ for titanium, Zn²⁺ for zinc, and O²⁻ for oxygen. Besides, the presence of hydroxide ions (OH) on their surface was found.

Studies of the adsorption and structural characteristics of TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposites have shown that the commercial TiO₂/P90 sample is nonporous. Its modification with zinc oxide leads to the aggregation of TiO₂ particles and the development of mesoporosity. As a result, the specific surface area of TiO₂/P90 decreases (from 113 m²/g to 60 m²/g) with the following dependence: the higher the ZnO content, the smaller the specific surface area.

The results of sorption-photocatalytic experiments point at better adsorption properties towards the anionic dye and better photocatalytic activity towards the cationic dye that decreases with the increase in the ZnO content, which correlates well with the data on the specific surface area. The study of electrical properties indicates a significant effect of ZnO on the quantitative and qualitative I-V characteristics of the TiO₂/P90 sample. The established regularities allow stating the prospects of using the TiO₂/P90 sample in structures, for which one type of current carriers is required (for example, photoresistors and sensors). TiO₂/2ZnO and TiO₂/5ZnO nanocomposites can be effectively used in structures, for which two types of current carriers are required (for example, for converters of solar energy into electricity).

Data Availability

All the data generated and/or analyzed during this study are included within this published article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References

S. Banerjee, A. Zangiabadi, A. Mahdavi-Shakib et al., “Quantitative structural characterization of catalytically active TiO₂ nanoparticles,” ACS Applied Nano Materials, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 6268–6276, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-Y. Bottero, M. Auffan, J. Rose et al., “Manufactured metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles: properties and perturbing mechanisms of their biological activity in ecosystems,” Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol. 343, no. 2-3, pp. 168–176, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. A. Dontsova, S. V. Nahirniak, and I. M. Astrelin, “Metaloxide nanomaterials and nanocomposites of ecological purpose,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2019, Article ID 5942194, 31 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. L. Tuller, “Review of electrical properties of metal oxides as applied to temperature and chemical sensing,” Sensors and Actuators, vol. 4, pp. 679–688, 1983.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Moma and J. Baloyi, “Modified titanium dioxide for photocatalytic applications,” in Photocatalysts-Applications and Attributes, IntechOpen, London, UK, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Fujishima, T. N. Rao, and D. A. Tryk, “Titanium dioxide photocatalysis,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Kutuzova and T. Dontsova, “Synthesis, characterization and properties of titanium dioxide obtained by hydrolytic method,” in Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 7th International Conference on Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties, pp. 286–290, Zatoka, Ukraine, September 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
M. H. Habibi, M. N. Esfahani, and T. A. Egerton, “Photochemical characterization and photocatalytic properties of a nanostructure composite TiO₂ film,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2007, Article ID 13653, 8 pages, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Dontsova, I. Ivanenko, and I. Astrelin, “Synthesis and characterization of titanium (IV) oxide from various precursors,” Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol. 167, pp. 275–293, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Qi, B. Cheng, J. Yu, and W. Ho, “A review on TiO₂-based Z-scheme photocatalysts,” Chinese Journal of Catalysis, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1936–1955, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Sviderskyi, S. Nahirniak, T. Yashchenko et al., “Properties of TiO₂ and SnO₂ in a state of different dispersion and morphology,” in Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th International Conference Nanomaterials: Application and Properties, pp. 1–4, Zatoka, Ukraine, September 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Li, Z. Yao, A. A. Haidry et al., “Resistive-type hydrogen gas sensor based on TiO₂: a review,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, no. 45, pp. 21114–21132, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Yu, J. Lei, L. Wang, J. Zhang, and Y. Liu, “TiO₂ inverse opal photonic crystals: synthesis, modification, and applications-a review,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 769, pp. 740–757, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Gao and T. Zhang, “An overview: facet-dependent metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 277, pp. 604–633, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Sinha, D. De, D. Goswami, A. Mondal, and A. Ayaz, “ZnO and TiO₂ nanostructured dye sensitized solar photovoltaic cell,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 11, pp. 782–788, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wu, C. Liu, Y. Luo et al., “A novel black TiO₂/ZnO nanocone arrays heterojunction on carbon cloth for highly efficient photoelectrochemical performance,” Frontiers of Materials Science, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 43–53, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. T. Nguyen, V. T. Vu, T. H. Nguyen, T. A. Nguyen, V. K. Tran, and P. Nguyen-Tri, “Antibacterial activity of TiO2-and ZnO-decorated with silver nanoparticles,” Journal of Composites Science, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 61, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. V. Makarova, T. Rajh, M. C. Thurnauer, A. Martin, P. A. Kemme, and D. Cropek, “Surface modification of TiO₂ nanoparticles for photochemical reduction of nitrobenzene,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 34, no. 22, pp. 4797–4803, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. G. Méndez-Medrano, E. Kowalska, A. Lehoux et al., “Surface modification of TiO₂ with Ag nanoparticles and CuO nanoclusters for application in photocatalysis,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 120, no. 9, pp. 5143–5154, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Kaiba, O. Ouerghi, M. H. Geesi et al., “Characterization and catalytic performance of Ni-Doped TiO₂ as a potential heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the preparation of substituted pyridopyrimidines,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1203, Article ID 127376, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. S. Araújo, J. Libardi, P. M. Faia et al., “Hybrid ZnO/TiO₂ loaded in electrospun polymeric fibers as photocatalyst,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2015, Article ID 476472, 10 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Kutuzova and T. A. Dontsova, “Characterization and properties of TiO₂-SnO₂ nanocomposites, obtained by hydrolysis method,” Applied Nanoscience, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 873–880, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Prakash, S. Sun, H. C. Swart, and R. K. Gupta, “Noble metals-TiO₂ nanocomposites: from fundamental mechanisms to photocatalysis, surface enhanced Raman scattering and antibacterial applications,” Applied Materials Today, vol. 11, pp. 82–135, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Mishra, A. Mehta, and S. Basu, “Clay supported TiO₂ nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants: a review,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 6088–6107, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Md. H. Basha and N. O. Gopal, “Solution combustion synthesis and characterization of phosphorus doped TiO₂-CeO₂ nanocomposite for photocatalytic applications,” Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol. 236, pp. 43–47, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sohail, H. Xue, Q. Jiao et al., “Synthesis of well-dispersed TiO₂/CNTs@CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites and their photocatalytic properties,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 101, pp. 83–89, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Makarchuk, T. Dontsova, and A. Perekos, “Magnetic nanocomposite sorbents on mineral base,” Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol. 195, pp. 705–719, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. Ismail, “Mesoporous PdO-TiO₂ nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic activity,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 117, pp. 67–72, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yang, R. Shi, K. Zhang, Y. Hu, A. Tang, and X. Li, “Synthesis of WO₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites via sol-gel method,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 398, no. 1, pp. 200–202, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Kutuzova, T. Dontsova, and W. Kwapinski, “TiO₂-SnO₂ nanocomposites: effect of acid-base and structural-adsorption properties on photocatalytic performance,” Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, vol. 80, no. 8, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Makarchuk, T. Dontsova, A. Perekos et al., “Magnetic mineral nanocomposite sorbents for wastewater treatment,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2017, Article ID 8579598, 7 pages, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. A. Rakkesh and S. Balakumar, “Facile synthesis of ZnO/TiO₂ core-shell nanostructures and their photocatalytic activities,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 370–376, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Pascariu and M. Homocianu, “ZnO-based ceramic nanofibers: preparation, properties and applications,” Ceramics International, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 11158–11173, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kooti and A. Naghdi Sedeh, “Microwave-assisted combustion synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2012, Article ID 562028, 4 pages, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Siwińska-Stefańska, A. Kubiak, A. Piasecki et al., “TiO₂-ZnO binary oxide systems: comprehensive characterization and tests of photocatalytic activity,” Materials, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1–19, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Hellen, H. Park, and K.-N. Kim, “Characterization of ZnO/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared via the sol-gel method,” Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 140–144, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. G. Menon, S. S. V. Tatiparti, and S. Mukherji, “Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity evaluation of TiO₂-ZnO nanocomposites: elucidating effect of varying Ti:Zn molar ratio,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 565, pp. 47–58, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Rehman, R. Ullah, A. M. Butt, and N. D. Gohar, “Strategies of making TiO₂ and ZnO visible light active,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 170, no. 2, pp. 560–569, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Mohammadi and M. Ghorbani, “Synthesis photocatalytic TiO₂/ZnO nanocomposite and investigation through anatase, wurtzite and ZnTiO₃ phases antibacterial behaviors,” Journal of Nano Research, vol. 51, pp. 67–77, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Kutuzova and T. Dontsova, “TiO₂-SnO₂ nanocomposites obtained by hydrothermal method,” in Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th International Conference Nanomaterials: Application and Properties, pp. 1–5, Zatoka, Ukraine, September 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
M. A. Subhan, T. Ahmed, N. Uddin, A. K. Azad, and K. Begum, “Synthesis, characterization, PL properties, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of nano multi-metal oxide NiO⋅CeO₂⋅ZnO,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 136, pp. 824–831, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Nagar and B. P. Vinayan, “Metal-semiconductor core-shell nanomaterials for energy environmental applications,” Micro And Nano Technologies, vol. 23, pp. 99–132, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
A. A. Menazea and N. S. Awwad, “Antibacterial activity of TiO₂ doped ZnO composite synthesized via laser ablation route for antimicrobial application,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 9, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Carbajo, A. Tolosana-Moranchel, J. A. Casas, M. Faraldos, and A. Bahamonde, “Analysis of photoefficiency in TiO₂ aqueous suspensions: effect of titania hydrodynamic particle size and catalyst loading on their optical properties,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 221, pp. 1–8, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. L. In, “Comparison of photocatalytic performance of Degussa TiO₂ P25 and P90 in gas phase photocatalytic reactor,” Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 23, pp. 2629–2631, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Monteagudo, A. Durán, M. R. Martínez et al., “Effect of reduced graphene oxide load into TiO₂ P25 on the generation of reactive oxygen species in a solar photocatalytic reactor. Application to antipyrine degradation,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 380, Article ID 122410, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Alonso-Tellez, R. Masson, D. Robert, N. Keller, and V. Keller, “Comparison of Hombikat UV100 and P25 TiO₂ performance in gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation reactions,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 250, pp. 58–65, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Espíndola, R. O. Cristóvão, A. Mendes et al., “Photocatalytic membrane reactor performance towards oxytetracycline removal from synthetic and real matrices: suspended vs immobilized TiO₂-P25,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 378, Article ID 122114, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. A. Dontsova, E. I. Yanushevskaya, and S. V. Nahirniak, “Directional control of the structural adsorption properties of clays by magnetite modification,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2018, Article ID 6573016, 9 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. A. Abd Samad, C. W. Lai, S. B. Abd Hamid et al., “Influence applied potential on the formation of self-organized ZnO nanorod film and its photoelectrochemical response,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2016, no. 11, Article ID 1413072, 8 pages, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Pérez-González and S. A. Tomás, “Surface chemistry of TiO₂-ZnO thin films doped with Ag. Its role on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue,” Catalysis Today, vol. 306, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Bozkurt Çırak, B. Caglar, T. Kılınç et al., “Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanorice decorated TiO₂ nanotubes for enhanced photocatalytic activity,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 109, pp. 160–167, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Zou, X. Dong, L. Wang et al., “Preparation of Ni doped ZnO-TiO₂ composites and their enhanced photocatalytic activity,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2014, Article ID 893158, 8 pages, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Thommes, K. Kaneko, A. V. Neimark et al., “Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report),” Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 87, no. 9, pp. 1051–1069, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2021 Tetiana А. Dontsova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Journal of Chemistry

Characterization of Commercial TiO2 P90 Modified with ZnO by the Impregnation Method

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

2.2. Synthesis

2.3. Characterization of Р90 and TiO2/ZnO Nanocomposites

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. XRD and Chemical Composition

3.2. XPS

3.3. Structural and Adsorption Characteristics

3.4. Adsorption and Photocatalytic Properties

3.5. Electrical Characteristics

4. Conclusions

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

References

Copyright

Characterization of Commercial TiO₂ P90 Modified with ZnO by the Impregnation Method

2.3. Characterization of Р90 and TiO₂/ZnO Nanocomposites