Comprehensive Groundwater Quality Analysis in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) Prevalence Areas of Sri Lanka to Investigate the Responsible Culprit
Table 1
Physical and chemical water quality parameters.
Study area parameter
M-Ma_PostM
MahadivulwewaPreM
PuhudivulaPreM
B-Mi-PostM
K-P-PostM
Ampara
Mean
±SD
Mean
±SD
Mean
±SD
Mean
±SD
Mean
±SD
Mean
±SD
pH
7.63
.36
6.84
.52
6.88
.42
7.75
.38
6.36
1.20
7.18
.35
DO (mg/L)
6.30
1.61
6.27
.98
6.40
1.36
6.11
2.29
4.73
1.45
6.42
.69
Conductivity (μS/m)
765.54
537.92
821.30
199.51
952.51
369.69
854.31
419.70
717.17
234.49
515.22
126.17
TDS (mg/L)
415.05
273.46
373.35
111.13
463.35
186.62
420.78
212.04
358.92
116.71
261.22
80.61
Salinity (‰)
.39
.27
.37
.10
.46
.19
.42
.22
.35
.11
.25
.05
Total hardness (as CaC03) (mg/L)
683.45
312.26
304.50
82.99
293.71
93.10
742.89
399.07
800.00
452.26
121.49
44.26
Fluoride (mg/L)
.50
.29
.99
.69
1.40
1.25
.15
.08
.30
.15
.65
.29
Sulphate (mg/L)
28.17
34.15
35.03
38.24
24.07
29.33
17.38
13.15
10.54
9.02
36.00
34.79
Phosphate (mg/L)
1.14
.46
1.17
.41
1.13
.47
1.51
.53
1.42
.45
1.02
.46
Nitrate (mg/L)
.67
.33
.73
.35
.62
.29
.58
.30
.98
.93
1.39
.99
Li (μg/L)
1.69
1.66
2.00
1.49
3.17
3.78
1.59
.94
1.49
1.18
5.63
8.33
Be (μg/L)
.03
.05
.01
.01
.01
.02
ND
.-
. ND
—
.08
.09
V (μg/L)
8.23
5.30
10.16
6.48
7.82
5.62
7.25
6.21
8.21
6.84
1.00
1.08
Cr (μg/L)
3.61
2.72
. ND
—
.46
1.10
2.39
1.31
2.30
2.36
3.31
1.86
Mn (μg/L)
38.55
166.62
5.42
4.44
15.49
35.00
7.84
6.15
27.03
76.52
107.97
258.91
Fe (μg/L)
503.41
616.91
.12
.06
.24
.37
135.64
29.89
157.85
92.59
.81
.72
Co (μg/L)
.85
.31
-.01
.07
.05
.11
.89
.42
.62
.29
.05
.11
Ni (μg/L)
5.58
4.27
2.14
4.63
5.06
10.22
8.59
3.49
4.64
3.81
2.26
1.84
Cu (μg/L)
7.02
17.00
6.37
6.98
73.32
409.75
3.96
2.51
12.10
28.67
10.54
15.15
Zn (μg/L)
57.16
48.80
52.70
25.97
78.51
169.51
57.32
39.74
32.12
17.17
88.92
39.54
Ga (μg/L)
.12
.17
.27
.48
.17
.42
.09
.04
.05
.03
.30
.65
As (μg/L)
.01
.04
ND
—
.03
.16
ND
.-
ND
—
. ND
—
Sr (μg/L)
395.72
195.22
367.73
163.99
384.02
153.96
581.75
255.86
236.83
104.56
39.91
30.63
Cd (μg/L)
.47
.85
5.39
3.65
3.40
3.00
2.41
1.47
1.44
4.16
1.41
.40
Ba (μg/L)
173.40
75.77
132.51
82.97
103.00
37.16
201.69
52.13
121.77
51.88
35.24
16.37
Pb (μg/L)
1.19
1.00
3.64
1.44
4.80
4.31
5.70
10.93
4.39
6.82
4.72
2.19
ND: not detected; DO: dissolved oxygen; TDS: total dissolved solid.
