Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbons Prepared from Agro-Wastes by Chemical Activation

Table 4

A comparison of the characteristics of the activated carbons with other literature reported values.

Precursor	Activator	Activation temp (°C)	Functional groups	XRD	SEM	pHpzc	Reference
Wisteria sinensis seeds	KOH	850	C=O, C=C, O-H, C-O	Amorphous	Mesoporous surface	—	[42]
Biomass date seeds	H2SO4, KOH	600–900	O-H, C=O, C-O	—	—	—	[43]
Coffee grounds	KOH	800	C=O, O-H, C-O	—	Microporous surface	—	[44]
Tobacco cigarettes	ZnCl2	700	C=C, CH, OH	—	Microporous surface	7.47	[45]
NaOH	700	C=C, C=N, OH	—	Mesoporous surface	12.84		[45]
Tobacco stems	H3PO4	750	OH,C-O,C=O, C-C	—	Mesoporous surface	9.59	[46]
Acacia auriculiformis	H3PO4	850	—	—	Microporous surface	4.8	[47]
NaOH	850	—	—	Mesoporous surface	8.2		[47]
NaCl	850	—	—	Microporous surface	6.8		[47]
Almond shell	H3PO4	600	COO^−, C=O,C-H,	—	Microporous surface	5.5	[48]
Pineapple wastes	ZnCl2	500	OH, N-O, C-N	—	Mesoporous surface	—	[49]
Baobab fruit shells	H3PO4	700	C=C, C-O, C-H	Amorphous	Microporous surface	—	[41]
Food wastes	ZnCl2	500–600	C-O, C=C, C=O, O-H	Amorphous	Mesoporous surface		[50]
Lemnaminor	H3PO4	600	N-H, C-H, O-H, C=O	—	Mesoporous surface	—	[51]
Daniellia oliveri	H3PO4	—	OH, C-H, C≡C, C=C	—	Microporous surface	7.6	[52]
Leucaena leucocephala	NaOH	550	C=O, C≡C-H, C=C, OH	—	Mesoporous surface	5.2	[53]
Rice husk	NaOH	650	—	Amorphous	Mesoporous surface	—	[54]
Hazelnut husk	—	950	—	Amorphous	Microporous surface	—	[55]
Green vegetable wastes	KOH	800	C≡N, C=O, CH, OH	—	Microporous surface	—	[56]
Soya bean straw	NaOH	120	CH, C-O, OH	—	Mesoporous surface	—	[57]
Feather fiber	—	600	N-C=O, C-C, C-N	—	Mesoporous surface	5.94	[58]
Human hair	—	500	C=O, C=C, C-OH, C-H	Amorphous	Microporous surface	—	[59]
Mango kernel	H3PO4	600	N-H, C=O, OH, CH	—	Mesoporous surface	6.8	[60]
Rice husks	H3PO4	500	C=O, OH, C-O, C≡C	Amorphous	Microporous surface	6.8	This study
Irish potato peels	H3PO4	500	C≡C, C=O, C-O, OH	Amorphous	Microporous surface	6.8	This study