A Review on Cassava Residues as Adsorbents for Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Water and Wastewater

Table 1

Effect of parameters on adsorption using cassava residues as adsorbents.

Adsorbate	Adsorbent	pH	Time (min)	Dosage (g/L)	Initial concentration (ppm)	Temperature (K)	Agitation speed (rpm)	Particle size	Reference
Metal ions
Chromium	Cassava peel carbon (CPC)	3–6 (3)	5–180	0.02	10–60 (10)	288.15–328.15 (328.15)	300	40–63 µm	[7]
Cobalt	Cassava peel carbon (CPC)	3–6 (6)	5–180	0.02	10–60 (10)	288.15–328.15 (318.15)	300	40–63 µm	[7]
Chromium	Cassava peel carbon	2–12 (6)	5–180 (40)	0.02	10–40 (35)	298	300	40–63 mm	[7]
Nickel	Cassava peel	1–9 (4.5)	30–60	0.1–10 (0.5)	200	333	200	125–750 mm	[5]
Lead	Cassava root husk	4	2	0.1	0.5	298	240	50 µm	[6]
Copper	Cassava root husk	4	25	1	0.5	298	240	50 µm	[6]
Chromium	Cassava peel modified by citric acid	2–6 (2)	120	0.5	100	298	150	0.355 nm	[68]
Mercury	Mod. cassava peel	6	10–330	0.5	25–100 (100)	298	150	0.355–0.5 mm	[72]
Dyes
Malachite green	Cassava rind carbon (CRC)	3–9 (7)	180	5	150	298	300	40–63 µm	[73]
Metanil yellow	Cassava peel	3–10 (8)	30–1440 (480)	0.5–7 (3)	30–400 (125)	298	150	0.125–0.710 (0.125 mm)	[56]
Other pollutants
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 350, pyrolysis at 350 K	3–9 (6)	480	0.5	10	298	200	0.45 µm	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 450, pyrolysis at 450 K	3–9 (6)	480	0.5	10	298	200	0.45 µm	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 550, pyrolysis at 550 K	3–9 (6)	480	0.5	10	298	200	0.45 µm	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 650, pyrolysis at 650 K	3–9 (6)	480	0.5	10	298	200	0.45 µm	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 750, pyrolysis at 750 K	3–9 (6)	480	0.5	10	298	200	0.45 µm	[54]
Nitrate	Modified cassava straw	2–12 (7)	30	0.01–1.0 (0.2)	25–75 mg/dm^3	293	120	150–200 µm	[64]