Journal of Chemistry

Review Article

A Review on Cassava Residues as Adsorbents for Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Water and Wastewater

Table 2

Activation methods reported in the literature for adsorbent preparation from cassava residues.
AdsorbateAdsorbentActivationOutcomesReference
Metal ions
CadmiumThioglycolic acid-modified cassava fibre (MCF)Chemical: 0.5 M and 1.0 M and thioglycolic acid modified0.5 M MCF = 53.66% & 1.0 M MCF = 58.66%[55]
LeadCellulose nanocrystal from cassava peelAcid hydrolysis with 64% sulphuric acid6.4 mg/g[84]
Copper and zincUndyed cassava mesocarp (UDCM) and dyed cassava mesocarp (DCMI: 0.40 mm and DCMII: 0.63 mm)Reactive dyeCopper: UDCP = 63 DCMI = 375.5 DCMII = 224/Zinc: UDCP = 12 DCMI = 34 DCMII = 21[85]
NickelActivated carbon from cassava peel tubersAlkali activation (87.9% KOH)/ACPH51.81 mg/g[51]
NickelActivated charcoal from cassava peel tubersAcid activation (phosphoric acid 85%)/ACPA51.86 mg/g[51]
NickelActivated carbon from cassava peel tubersNonimpregnated carbon (NIC)48.86 mg/g[51]
CopperModified cassava fibreAcid activation (0.3 M nitric acid) + 0.5 M mercaptoacetic acid-0.5 MCF20.33%[86]
CopperModified cassava fibreAcid activation (0.3 M nitric acid) + 1.0 M mercaptoacetic acid-1.0 MCF21.00%[86]
CadmiumCassava starch-based super adsorbent polymerCopolymerization374.7 mg/g[87]
ChromiumCassava peel carbon (CPC)Acid (phosphoric acid)/alkali (NaHCO3)166.33 mg/g[7]
CobaltCassava peel carbon (CPC)Acid(phosphoric acid)/alkali (NaHCO3)301.63 mg/g[7]
ChromiumCassava peel carbonPhosphoric acid (1 : 1) before carbonisation + 1% NaHCO3 after carbonisation166.35 mg/g[7]
CobaltCassava peel carbonPhosphoric acid (1 : 1) before carbonisation + 1% NaHCO3 after carbonisation301.63 mg/g[7]
ChromiumCassava peel1.5 M HNO361.72%[88]
TartrazineCassava sievate85% H3PO4 (1 : 1)20.83 mg/g[89]
ZincCassava peelHCl/0.5/1.0/1.5 M7.8%/2.1%/1.1%[90]
CopperCassava peelHCl/0.5/1.0/1.5 M298%/17.2%/18.4%[90]
IronCassava peelHCl/0.5/1.0/1.5 M55.4%/43.4%/61.4%[90]
LeadCassava peelHCl/0.5/1.0/1.5 M80%/20%/100%[90]
ZincCassava peelZnCl2/0.5/1.0/1.5 M2.3%/2.6%/2.3%[90]
CopperCassava peelZnCl2/0.5/1.0/1.5 M50.6%/60.5%/35.6%[90]
IronCassava peelZnCl2/0.5/1.0/1.5 M88%/89.1%/67.5%[90]
LeadCassava peelZnCl2/0.5/1.0/1.5 M100%/100%/20%[90]
ChromiumCassava sludge-activated carbonZnCl2 (sludge: ZnCl2 ratio = 1 : 5)98.22%[91]
LeadCassava biomass modified with TiO2 nanoparticlesTiO299.84%[92]
NickelCassava biomass modified with TiO2 nanoparticlesTiO281.51%[92]
CadmiumUntreated cassava peel biomass/acid-treated cassava peel biomass0.5 M and 1.0 M thioglycolic acid treated86.68 mg/g/647.48 mg/g[11]
ZincUntreated cassava peel biomass/acid-treated cassava peel biomass0.5 M and 1.0 M thioglycolic acid treated55.52 mg/g/559.74 mg/g[11]
CadmiumUnmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified cassava tuber bark0.5 M and 1.0 M thioglycolic acid treated2.69 mg/g/11.48 mg/g/5.98 mg/g[93]
CopperUnmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified cassava tuber bark0.5 M and 1.0 M thioglycolic acid treated11.48 mg/g/14.88 mg/g/28.49 mg/g[93]
ZincUnmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified cassava tuber bark0.5 M and 1.0 M thioglycolic acid treated11.48 mg/g/14.86 mg/g/37.88 mg/g[93]
Copper from single-ion solution/wastewaterUnmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified cassava tuber bark1.0 M thioglycolic acid (ratio: 25 g : 250 ml)Untreated: 71.3 mg/g acid treated: 85.2 mg/g[52]
Zinc from single-ion solution/wastewaterUnmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified cassava tuber bark1.0 M thioglycolic acid (ratio: 25 g : 250 ml)Untreated: 43.4 mg/g acid treated: 58.1 mg/g[52]
ZincCassava peel carbonImpregnated with ZnCl228%[12]
NickelCassava peel carbonImpregnated with ZnCl266.60%[12]
CadmiumCassava peel carbonImpregnated with ZnCl250%[12]
CopperModified cassava starchHydroxylamine hydrochloride75.76 mg/g[60]
LeadModified cassava stalkEDTAD + Fe3O4163.93 mg/g[94]
ZincModified cassava stalkEDTAD + Fe3O484.74 mg/g[94]
Pb/refinery wastewaterUnfermented cassava peel carbon11.0 M ZnCl295%[95]
Cu/refinery wastewaterUnfermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl280%[95]
Fe/refinery wastewaterUnfermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl270%[95]
Pb/refinery wastewaterFermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl2100%[95]
Cu/refinery wastewaterFermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl294%[95]
Fe/refinery wastewaterFermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl274%[95]
Pb/refinery wastewaterCommercially activated carbon1.0 M ZnCl257%[95]
Cu/refinery wastewaterCommercially activated carbon1.0 M ZnCl276%[95]
Fe/refinery wastewaterCommercially activated carbon1.0 M ZnCl256%[95]
CadmiumCassava peel biochar300°C/activated by 1.63 M KOH84%[96]
ChromiumCassava peel modified by citric acid0.6 M citric acid54% (raw) and 56% (citric acid modified)[68]
CadmiumModified cassava peelBy 0.1 mol/L of NaOH (99%)19.54 mg/g[97]
ChromiumModified cassava peelBy 0.1 mol/L of NaOH (99%)42.46 mg/g[97]
ChromiumModified cassava peelBy 0.1 mol/L of H2O2 (36%)43.97 mg/g[97]
CopperGrafted cassava starchGrafting cassava starch with 5-chloromethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline28.75 mg/g[98]
LeadGrafted cassava starchGrafting cassava starch with 5-chloromethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline46.512 mg/g[98]
CopperCassava peel act. by 0.3 m HNO3Cassava peel act. by 0.3 m HNO355.19%[69]
ZincCassava peel act. by 0.3 m HNO3Cassava peel act. by 0.3 m HNO341.70%[69]
MercuryMod. cassava peelBy 0.6 M citric acid72.98%[72]
ChromiumCassava peelUnmodified54.33%[68]
ChromiumCassava peelBy 0.6 M citric acid56.20%[68]
ArsenicRoot husks of cassava nanoparticles loaded by using ZnOZnO39.52 mg/g[99]
CadmiumRoot husks of cassava nanoparticles loaded by using ZnOZnO4205 mg/g[99]
LeadRoot husks of cassava nanoparticles loaded by using ZnOZnO44.27 mg/g[99]
ChromiumRoot husks of cassava nanoparticles loaded by using ZnOZnO28.37 mg/g[99]
LeadCassava peel carbon2 M H3PO496.83%[59]
Dyes
Methylene blueModified cassava peelAcid activation (phosphoric acid 85%)99.98%/79.975 mg/g[100]
Methylene blueCassava peel biocharAcid activation (phosphoric acid 14%)4.75 mg/g[101]
Rhodamine BActivated charcoal from cassava peelThermal (700°C)/chemical (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio100%/100%[102]
Direct brownActivated charcoal from cassava peelThermal (700°C)/chemical (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio10.35%/100%[102]
Procion orangeActivated charcoal from cassava peelThermal (700°C)/chemical (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio5.3%/100%[102]
Acid violetActivated charcoal from cassava peelThermal (700°C)/chemical (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio83.0%/86.32%[102]
Malachite greenActivated charcoal from cassava peelThermal (700°C)/chemical (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio100%/100%[102]
Methylene blueActivated charcoal from cassava peelThermal (700°C)/chemical (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio100%/100%[102]
Naphthol blue blackActivated charcoal from cassava peelAcid activation (60% phosphoric acid)99.70%[103]
Dye from printing industry wastewaterActivated charcoal from cassava peelAcid activation (20% sulphuric acid)96.78%[71]
Malachite greenCassava rind carbon (CRC)Acid (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio)/alkali (NaOH 1 M)932.975 mg/g[73]
Methylene blueCassava rind carbon (CRC)Acid (phosphoric acid 1 : 1 ratio)/alkali (NaOH 1 M)565 mg/g[53]
Reactive red + Drimarene turquoiseCassava stem biochar (CSB)Acid/oxalic acid (1%)88.40%[61]
Sunset yellowCassava sievate85% H3PO4 (1 : 1)0.091 mg/g[89]
Malachite greenCassava peel carbonAct. by (0.5 N AgNO3)93%[8]
Malachite greenCassava peel carbonAct. by (H2SO4)82.70%[8]
Reactive dyeAC from cassava peel impregnates with AgNO3/AC from cassava peel impregnates with AgNO3 (1%)/4 N H2SO4/4 N NaOH90% (AgNO3 impregnated)[41]
Methylene blueCassava bark residue (raw/mod. H2SO4/NaOH (20, 30, and 40 mesh size)0.1 M H2SO4 and NaOH88% (20 mesh no) 87.7% (30 mesh no) 88.5 (40 mesh no) 94.2% (alkali-activated 20 mesh no)[70]
Methylene blueCassava leaf powderBy 95% ethanol99.90%[104]
Other pollutants
TartrazineCassava sievate85% H3PO4 (1 : 1)20.83 mg/g[89]
NitrateModified cassava strawEpichlorohydrin and pyridine2.14 mM/dm3[64]
GlucoseCarbon from cassava stemsKOH 1 : 2 w/w3.33 mg/g[105]
CholesterolCarbon from cassava stemsKOH 1 : 2 w/w6.84 mg/g[105]
COD/refinery wastewaterUnfermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl264%[95]
BOD/refinery wastewaterUnfermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl283%[95]
Phenol/refinery wastewaterUnfermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl293%[95]
COD/refinery wastewaterFermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl273%[95]
BOD/refinery wastewaterFermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl286%[95]
Phenol/refinery wastewaterFermented cassava peel carbon1.0 M ZnCl296%[95]
COD/refinery wastewaterCommercially activated carbon1.0 M ZnCl255%[95]
BOD/refinery wastewaterCommercially activated carbon1.0 M ZnCl272%[95]
Phenol/refinery wastewaterCommercially activated carbon1.0 M ZnCl283%[95]
NitrateCassava peel carbonZnCl2 (1 : 1, 1 : 3 and 2 : 3)81.6%(1 : 1 ZnCl2)[106]
PhenolCassava peel carbon act. by ZnCl20.75 : 1 (ZnCl2: cassava peel ratio)16.67 mg/g[107]
TSS of Bakaran batikCassava peel carbonRaw28.57%[82]
TSS of Bakaran batikCassava peel carbon0.1 M HCl47.83%[82]