A Review on Cassava Residues as Adsorbents for Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Water and Wastewater

Table 3

Isotherm models reported in the literature for adsorption of organic and inorganic contaminants.

Adsorbate	Adsorbent	Adsorption isotherm	Reference
Metal ions
Chromium	Cassava peel carbon (CPC)	Redlich–Peterson	[7]
Cobalt	Cassava peel carbon (CPC)	Redlich–Peterson	[7]
Chromium	Cassava peel carbon	Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson	[7]
Cobalt	Cassava peel carbon	Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson	[7]
Cadmium	Unmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified tuber bark of the specimen cassava	Langmuir	[93]
Copper	Unmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified tuber bark of the specimen cassava	Langmuir	[93]
Zinc	Unmodified cassava tuber bark/acid-modified tuber bark of the specimen cassava	Langmuir	[93]
Lead	Modified cassava stalk	Langmuir	[94]
Zinc	Modified cassava stalk	Langmuir	[94]
Nickel	Cassava peel	Freundlich	[5]
Cadmium	Modified cassava peel activated by 0.1 mol/L of 36% H2O2/98% H2SO4/99% NaOH	Langmuir	[97]
Lead	Modified cassava peel activated by 0.1 mol/L of 36% H2O2/98% H2SO4/99% NaOH	Langmuir	[97]
Chromium	Modified cassava peel activated by 0.1 mol/L of 36% H2O2/98% H2SO4/99% NaOH	Langmuir	[97]
Lead	Grafted cassava starch	Langmuir	[113]
Lead	Cassava peel carbon		[59]
Dyes
Malachite green	Cassava rind Carbon (CRC)	Langmuir	[73]
Methylene blue	Cassava rind Carbon (CRC)	Redlich–Peterson	[53]
Reactive red + Drimarene turquoise	Cassava stem biochar (CSB)	Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich	[61]
Crystal violet	Raw cassava peel powder	Dubinin–Radushkevich	[63]
Rhodamine B	Cassava slag biochar	Freundlich	[57]
Other pollutants
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 350, pyrolysis at 350 K	Freundlich	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 450, pyrolysis at 450 K	Freundlich	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 550, pyrolysis at 550 K	Freundlich	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 650, pyrolysis at 650 K	Freundlich	[54]
Norfloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar BC 750, pyrolysis at 750 K	Freundlich	[54]
Ciprofloxacin	Cassava dreg biochar (BC350, 550, 750)	Freundlich, Langmuir	[114]