Threats from the Dark: A Review over Dark Web Investigation Research for Cyber Threat Intelligence

Table 2

Major topics covered by the reviewed literature (sorted by year).

Reference	Year	Detecting cyber threats	Predicting cyberattacks	Detecting key actors/community	Hacker behavior	Malicious attachment	Language variations	Machine learning optimization
(Almukaynizi et al. 2017) [25]	2017		✓
(Deliu et al. 2017) [44]	2017	✓						✓
(Grisham et al. 2017) [34]	2017			✓		✓	✓
(Samtani et al. 2017) [33]	2017			✓		✓
(Sapienza et al. 2017) [24]	2017	✓
(Almukaynizi et al. 2018) [26]	2018	✓
(Biswas et al. 2018) [36]	2018			✓	✓
(Deb, lerman, and ferrara, 2018) [39]	2018		✓		✓
(Deliu et al. 2018) [45]	2018	✓						✓
(Dong et al. 2018) [54]	2018	✓
(Ebrahimi et al. 2018) [51]	2018	✓					✓
(Marin et al. 2018) [55]	2018			✓
(Marin et al. 2018) [38]	2018				✓
(Marin et al. 2018) [37]	2018			✓
(Narayanan et al. 2018) [28]	2018		✓		✓
(Nunes et al. 2018) [50]	2018		✓				✓
(Pastrana et al. 2018) [35]	2018			✓	✓
(Tavabi et al. 2018) [29]	2018		✓
(Williams et al. 2018) [27]	2018	✓			✓
(Arnold et al. 2019) [30]	2019	✓		✓
(Johnsen and franke, 2019) [48]	2019		✓					✓
(Koloveas et al. 2019) [46]	2019	✓						✓
(Marin et al. 2019) [41]	2019	✓			✓
(Queiroz et al. 2019) [47]	2019	✓
(Sarkar et al. 2019) [42]	2019		✓
(Schäfer et al. 2019) [52]	2019		✓	✓			✓
(Zenebe et al. 2019) [40]	2019		✓	✓
(Ampel et al. 2020) [31]	2020	✓				✓
(Ebrahimi et al. 2020) [49]	2020	✓
(Ebrahimi et al. 2020) [53]	2020	✓					✓
(Huang et al. 2021) [43]	2021			✓	✓
(Koloveas et al. 2021) [32]	2021	✓