Review Article
SMAC-Based WSN Protocol-Current State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions
Table 1
Comparison of battery chemistries used in WSNs (adapted from Battery University [
30]).
| Battery chemistry | Energy density (Wh/kg) | Cycle life | Cell voltage (nominal) | Capacity (mAh) | Operating temperature (°C) | Pros | Cons |
| Alkaline | 80 (initial) | 503 | 1.5 | Varies | 0 to 65 | High energy density, cheap, | Heavily affected by load, heavyweight, high internal resistance | Li-ion | 110–160 | 500–10003 | 3.6 | 730 | -20 to 60 | High energy density, low maintenance, low self-discharge | Expensive, not fully matured | LiPo | 100–300 | 300–500 | 3.6 | 930 | 0 to 60 | Flexible form factor, lightweight, more resistant to overcharge | Expensive, low energy density, decreased cycle count | NiMH | 60–120 | 300–5002,3 | 1.256 | 2500 | -20 to 60 | Simple storage and transportation, environmentally friendly, less prone to memory | Limited service life, high self-discharge, longer charge time |
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