Hydrogel-Loaded Exosomes: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Musculoskeletal Disorders

Figure 2

The occurrence process of exos: first, cells produce vesicles through endocytosis, also known as endocytotic vesicles. Then, vesicles will fuse to form the early endosomes, which will gradually evolve into the late endosomes and form the multivesicular body (MVB) in the interior. MVBs will selectively bind miRNA and heat shock proteins in the cellular matrix. HSPs, enzyme molecules, and other substances, fused with the plasma membrane; finally, the vesicles are released and enter the extracellular matrix (ECM) to form the lipid bilayer exos. ER: endoplasmic reticulum.