Research Article
Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Production in Uropathogens from Renal Disease Patients Admitted to Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Nepal
Table 5
Resistance of bacterial isolates to antibiotics.
| | Gram-negative bacteria | Gram-positive bacteria | | Antibiotics | Number of tested isolates | Resistant (n) | Resistance percentage of those tested | Antibiotics | Number of tested isolates | Resistant (n) | Resistance percentage of those tested |
| | First-line antibiotics | | Amoxycillin | 76 | 67 | 88.2 | Penicillin | 19 | 14 | 73.7 | | Cotrimoxazole | 78 | 55 | 70.5 | | 3 | 2 | 66.7 | | Ciprofloxacin | 87 | 58 | 66.7 | Ciprofloxacin | 19 | 15 | 79.0 | | Gentamicin | 87 | 29 | 33.3 | High-level gentamicin# | 16 | 10 | 62.5 | | Ceftriaxone | 76 | 53 | 69.7 | | 3 | 1 | 33.3 | | Ceftazidime | 11 | 7 | 63.6 | Tetracycline# | 16 | 6 | 37.5 | | Nitrofurantoin | 78 | 26 | 33.3 | Nitrofurantoin | 19 | 5 | 26.3 | | Ampicillin-sulbactam | 2 | 1 | 50.0 |
| | Second-line antibiotics | | Levofloxacin | 58 | 44 | 75.9 | Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid# | 10 | 8 | 80.0 | | Amikacin | 58 | 17 | 29.3 | Levofloxacin | 11 | 7 | 63.6 | | Piperacillin-tazobactam | 64 | 21 | 32.8 | Teicoplanin | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | | Meropenem | 58 | 17 | 29.3 | Vancomycin | 11 | 1 | 9.1 | | Cefoperazone-sulbactam | 10 | 4 | 40.0 | Doxycycline# | 10 | 1 | 10.0 | | Cefepime | 83 | 52 | 62.7 | Meropenem# | 10 | 7 | 70.0 | | Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid | 53 | 52 | 98.1 |
| | Third-line antibiotics | | Imipenem | 15 | 9 | 60.0 | Linezolid# | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | | Chloramphenicol | 16 | 9 | 56.3 | Chloramphenicol# | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | | Doxycycline | 15 | 9 | 60.0 | Erythromycin | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | | Polymyxin B | 15 | 0 | 0.0 | Piperacillin-tazobactam# | 1 | 1 | 100 | | Colistin sulfate | 15 | 0 | 0.0 | |
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= antibiotics used against Staphylococcus sp., # = antibiotics used against Enterococcus sp. |
