In Silico Screening, In Vitro M^pro Inhibitory, and Adjunctive Therapy Value of Minocycline for the Treatment of COVID-19

Table 1

Comparison of the effect of COVID-19 and minocycline on selected biomarkers.

Biological markers	COVID-19		Minocycline effect on physical or infectious challenge
	Severe (references)	Nonsevere (references)	In vivo (references)	In vitro (references)
ESR	↑[37–40]	↑[37, 39, 41–44]	↓[45–47]
CRP	↑[37, 38, 48–53]	↑[37, 38, 43, 49, 50, 52, 54]	↓[47, 55–58]
LD	↑[37, 51, 59, 60]	↑[37]		↓[51]
D-dimer	↑[37, 40, 50, 51, 59]	↑[37, 42, 43, 51, 54, 61]	↓[62]
CD^4+T cell	↓[63–65]	↓[39, 64, 66]	↑[37]
CD^8+T cell	↓[63, 64, 67]	↓[39, 64, 68]	↑[69]
TNF-α	↑[63, 70]	↑[68, 71, 72]	↓[73–77]	↓[78–81]
IFN-γ	↑[63, 64]	↑[42, 64, 82]		↓[27, 80]
IL-6	↑[37, 40, 50, 63, 64, 82]	↑[37, 39, 44, 64, 66, 83]	↓[73–75, 77]	↓[80, 81, 83]
IL-10	↑[63, 64]	↑[39, 64, 68, 72]		↓[73, 78, 80, 84]

Note. ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; LD: lactose dehydrogenase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; IFN-γ: interferon γ; IL-: interleukin; ↑: significantly increased; ↓: significantly decreased.