Chitosan and Its Derivative-Based Nanoparticles in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Molecular Mechanisms of Action and Promising Anticancer Strategies

Table 1

List of abbreviations.

Abbreviation	Full description
GI	Gastrointestinal
NPs	Nanoparticles
DDS	Drug delivery system
CS	Chitosan
CSNPs	Chitosan nanoparticles
DA	Degree of acetylation
DD	Degree of deacetylation
MW	Molecular weight
CMC	Carboxymethyl chitosan
SBCS	Sulfated benzaldehyde chitosan
PPC	Polypyrrole-chitosan
CTC	Chitosan-thymine conjugate
SCS	Sulfated chitosan
IL	Interleukin
IFN	Interferon
NF-Kb	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
TGF-β	Transcriptional growth factor beta
EAC	Ehrlich ascites carcinoma
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor α
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
COS	Chitosan oligosaccharide
EC	Esophageal cancer
EAC	Esophageal adenocarcinoma
ESCC	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
FGF	Fibroblast growth factor
HGF	Hepatocyte growth factor
CAFs	Cancer-associated fibroblasts
EMT	Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
GC	Gastric cancer
CdtB	Cytolethal distending toxin
BRAF	v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
TACE	Transarterial chemoembolization
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase-9
CRC	Colorectal cancer
TOPK	T-lymphokine-activated killer cell (T-LAK)-originated protein kinase
PC	Pancreatic cancer
EGFR-1	Epidermal growth factor receptor-1
SiRNAs	Small interfering RNAs
MRNAs	Messenger RNAs
v7-CMG	7-silica-coated gold nanoparticle