|
GI cancer type | CS/its derivative | Biological features | Molecular/cellular mechanisms of action | Outcome | References |
|
Esophageal cancer | CSNPs (e.g., CSP-Cr-NCs, TMC-IRN-SLNs) | Nanocarriers with high bioavailability, solubility, stability, sensitivity, and specificity both hydrophilic and hydrophobic | Modulate the metastatic phenotype of cancer-associated fibroblast cells by using various cellular and molecular markers, increasing ROS production in tumor cells, inducing apoptosis | Inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, antimetastatic effect | [79, 82, 83] |
|
Gastric cancer | CMC | High viscosity, large hydrodynamic volume, low toxicity, and biocompatibility | Inhibit the proliferation, tube formation, and migration of gastric tumor cells by upregulating and downregulating various factors | Antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect | [93, 94] |
CSNPs (e.g., HTCCMNPs, HTCCMNPs) | Nanocarriers with high bioavailability, solubility, stability, sensitivity, and specificity both hydrophilic and hydrophobic | Inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, promoting apoptosis and autophagy, decreasing generation of ROS, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, and suppressing their invasion change in the expression level of various factors | Cell senescence, inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, antimetastatic effect | [95ā101] |
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma | CMC | High viscosity, large hydrodynamic volume, low toxicity, and biocompatibility | Antitumor, antiproliferative, decreased generation of ROS, inhibit metastasis through the upregulation of metastasis-related proteins | Antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect | [102, 103] |
CSNPs | Nanocarriers with heightened bioavailability, sensitivity, and specificity while decreasing pharmacological toxicity | Disrupt cellular membranes and induce apoptosis | Inhibition of tumor growth and proliferation | [104, 105] |
|
Colorectal cancer | CSNPs (e.g., CS-TPP/IL-12, LMWC/COS) | Nanocarriers with high bioavailability, solubility, stability, sensitivity, and specificity both hydrophilic and hydrophobic | Inducing apoptosis, attenuating the toxicity of IL-12, inhibiting tumor metastasis by inducing NK cells and T-cell infiltration, inhibiting NO and iNOS | Cell death and antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect | [106, 107] |
|
Pancreatic cancer | CSNPs (e.g., MiaPaCa-2, DEMC) | Nanocarriers with high bioavailability, solubility, stability, sensitivity, and specificity both hydrophilic and hydrophobic | Altering intracellular signaling pathways, antiproliferative, antiapoptotic, anti-invasive, and antimigratory properties | Antiproliferative and antimetastatic effect | [108ā117] |
|