Factors Influencing Insulin Adherence among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Impact of Pharmaceutical Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Figure 2

Flowchart of analysis of influencing factors and effect of pharmaceutical interventions on patient’s insulin adherence. ^†Baseline characteristics: patient information was collected from the hospital information system, including general data, diabetes condition, liver and kidney function, and other indicators. ^‡Questionnaire evaluation: various questionnaires were used for evaluation, including the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale for assessing insulin adherence, the Chinese version of the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale for measuring patient self-efficacy, the Chinese version of the Beliefs about Medication Questionnaire for assessing medication beliefs, and a medication knowledge questionnaire designed by this research team. ^§Influencing factors assessment: the variables collected earlier were subjected to univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses to determine their impact on insulin adherence and the magnitude of their influence. ^¶Monthly clinic visits for 3 to 6 months: the criteria for terminating the follow-up were either participants achieving standard blood glucose levels for three consecutive months or completing a continuous follow-up period of six months.