Factors Influencing Insulin Adherence among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Impact of Pharmaceutical Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Table 2

Univariate analysis results of factors affecting insulin adherence.

Factors	Good adherence	Poor adherence
	(n = 75)	(n = 77)
Age (year)	60.85 ± 13.90	51.18 ± 16.41	3.90	<0.001
Sex
Men	50 (66.67%)	49 (63.64%)	0.12	0.73
Women	25 (33.33%)	28 (36.36%)
Education background
Illiterate or elementary school	3 (4%)	3 (3.89%)	0.23	0.89
High school	52 (69.33%)	56 (72.73%)
College, university, or above	20 (26.67%)	18 (23.38%)
Marital status
Married	72 (96%)	69 (89.61%)	2.31	0.13
Others	3 (4%)	8 (10.39%)
Medical insurance
Self-pay	13 (17.33%)	27 (35.06%)	8.87	0.03
Employee essential medical insurance	49 (65.33%)	43 (55.85%)
Free medical care	8 (10.67%)	2 (2.6%)
Resident essential medical insurance	5 (6.67%)	5 (6.49%)
Diabetes duration (year)	15.70 ± 9.77	8.77 ± 8.03	4.74	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	24.27 ± 2.61	24.44 ± 3.91	−2.56	0.60
SBP (mmHg)	124.67 ± 16.81	125.59 ± 18.36	−0.32	0.75
DBP (mmHg)	84.42 ± 78.17	77.77 ± 10.98	0.73	0.47
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.37 ± 0.815	2.53 ± 1.00	−3.09	0.12
Cr (umol/L)	69.77 ± 43.93	60.27 ± 16.08	1 .76	0.08
ALT (U/L)	25.69 ± 17.26	28.08 ± 21.59	−0.75	0.46
AST (U/L)	22.94 ± 10.58	22.52 ± 15.71	0.19	0.85
Fasting C-peptide (pmol/L)	552.08 ± 366.87	604.63 ± 350.04	−0.90	0.37
2-h Postprandial C-peptide (pmol/L)	1329.74 ± 830.96	1162.35 ± 871.31	1.20	0.23
HbA1c (%)	7.28 ± 1.33	9.77 ± 2.41	−7.78	<0.001
Adverse reactions
No	58 (77.33%)	67 (87.01%)	2.44	0.12
Yes	17 (22.67%)	10 (12.99%)
Diabetes and medication knowledge	11.70 ± 1.04	7.03 ± 1.53	20.69	<0.001
Management of self-efficacy	36.85 ± 14.18	79.32 ± 21.17	19.61	<0.001
Medication beliefs	9.29 ± 2.19	−1.69 ± 3.60	22.78	<0.001

Demographic characteristics, laboratory biochemical indicators, and scores from questionnaire surveys were systematically gathered from a total of 152 participants. Based on the MMAS-8 scores (≥6 representing good adherence and <6 representing poor adherence), patients were categorized into distinct groups. Differences of diverse variables between these groups were examined using appropriate statistical methods (the t-test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables). Significance levels were marked as and . Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Cr, serum creatinine; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.