Factors Influencing Insulin Adherence among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Impact of Pharmaceutical Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Table 5

The impact of pharmaceutical intervention on outpatients with long-term insulin injection.

Factors		Intervention group	Control group	t
Insulin adherence	Before	5.12 ± 1.15	5.02 ± 0.96	0.58	0.56
	After	6.65 ± 0.98	5.56 ± 1.46	5.39	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	Before	8.73 ± 2.61	9.02 ± 2.35	−0.72	0.47
	After	7.73 ± 2.66	9.00 ± 2.35	−5.89	<0.001
Management of self-efficacy	Before	127.12 ± 15.69	129.26 ± 12.69	−0.93	0.36
	After	147.09 ± 20.44	128.10 ± 19.43	5.87	<0.001
Diabetes and medication knowledge	Before	10.25 ± 1.01	10.01 ± 1.22	1.32	0.19
	After	13.56 ± 1.33	12.12 ± 3.27	3.38	0.01
Medication beliefs	Before	7.75 ± 1.91	7.28 ± 3.21	1.09	0.28
	After	10.88 ± 3.97	7.41 ± 6.42	3.99	<0.001

A total of 152 participants were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group underwent a comprehensive 3-month pharmaceutical intervention program, encompassing patient education, promotion of healthy habits, weekly telephone follow-up, and monthly clinic visits. Conversely, the control group solely received standard care. Disease and medication details of all patients were gathered at the beginning of the study and at the conclusion of the follow-up period. Variations in insulin adherence and its associated factors between the groups were assessed. Statistical significance was denoted as and .