|
| | Guggenheimer et al., 2000 [20] | Saini et al., 2010 [21] | Bastos et al., 2011 [22] | Mohsin et al., 2014 [23] |
|
| Type of study | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional |
|
| Country | USA | Malaysia | Brazil | Pakistan |
|
| Patients recruited at | Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pittsburgh | Endocrinology Clinic of Medical Hospital and Department of Dental School | Clinic of Periodontics, Estadual Paulista University | Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology |
|
| Sample | 673 | 840 | 257 | 800 |
Cases
405 | Controls
268 | Cases
420 | Controls
420 | Cases
146 | Controls
111 | Cases
395 | Controls
405 |
|
| Age (years) | 32.5 ± 0.3 | Cases
52.96 ± 10.52 | Controls
51.80 ± 11.58 | Cases
53.10 ± 7.9 | Controls
51.4 ± 10.3 | Male 51 ± 8.85
Female 49 ± 8.9 |
Cases
33 ± 0.4 | Controls
31.8 ± 0.49 | Cases
Male 53 ± 9.8
Female 53 ± 8.8 | Controls
Male 48 ± 7.2
Female 44 ± 5.8 |
|
| Gender | Male, 312
Female, 361 | Male, 352
Female, 488 | Male, 109
Female, 148 | Male, 482
Female, 318 |
Cases
Male, 204
Female, 201 | Controls
Male, 108
Female, 160 | Cases
Male, 185
Female, 235 | Controls
Male, 167
Female, 253 | Cases
Male, 56
Female, 90 | Controls
Male, 53
Female, 58 | Cases
Male, 212
Female, 183 | Controls
Male, 270
Female, 135 |
|
| Type of DM | T1DM | T1DM, 29
T2DM, 391 | T2DM | T2DM |
|
| Period of time with DM | U | 8,36 ± 6.08 years:
<5 years: 170 (40,5%)
6–10 years: 138 (32,9%)
>10 years: 112 (26,7%) | <10 years: 36 (24.7%)
≥10 years: 110 (75.3%) | U |
|
| Treatment for DM | Insulin 405 | Oral hypoglycemics, 274
Insulin, 49
Both, 97 | Oral hypoglycemics, 98 (67.1%)
Insulin, 29 (19.8%)
Both, 19 (13.1%) | U |
|
| Oral mucosal disorders diagnosis criteria | Based on onset, duration, oral habits, clinical appearance, history of trauma, and previous episodes | Based on WHO guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases | U | U |
|
| Biopsy when needed | U | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
| Clinical examination method | Examination light
Dental mirror
Gauze square | Electrical overhead light
Mouth mirror
Tweezers
Gauze
Wooden tongue depressor | Artificial light
Dental mirror
Gauze square | Visible light
Dental mirror
Cotton gauze |
|
| Clinician and experience | 2 oral medicine specialists with 10 years of experience | Single examiner assessed by an oral medicine specialist with more than 7 years of experience | Stomatologist | U |
|
