The Association of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Cerebral Gray Matter Volume Is Independent of Retinal Vascular Architecture and Retinopathy
Table 1
Sample characteristics.
T2DM Mean (SD) or (%)
No T2DM Mean (SD) or (%)
p value
Age (years)
67.3 (6.7)
72.9 (6.7)
<0.001
Male sex
159 (59)
97 (54)
0.27
Formal education (years)
11.2 (3.6)
11.0 (3.9)
0.61
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mmHg)
135 (19)
137 (19)
0.23
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mmHg)
76 (10)
78 (11)
0.01
Self-reported history of hypertension or mean SBP >140 or mean DBP >90 mmHg
223 (83)
123 (68)
<0.001
Use of blood pressure lowering medications
190 (70)
85 (47)
<0.001
Ischemic heart disease
57 (21)
27 (15)
0.01
TIA or stroke
22 (8)
9 (5)
0.19
Hyperlipidemia
127 (47)
10 (6)
<0.001
Statin use
163 (60)
45 (25)
0.005
Ever smoked
144 (53)
89 (49)
0.36
Alcohol intake (g/day)
12 (17)
17 (20)
0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
30.7 (5.1)
27.6 (4.3)
<0.001
Waist-hip ratio
0.96 (0.09)
0.90 (0.09)
<0.001
Median steps per day (IQR)
5584 (3856–8461)
6328 (4471–8362)
0.21
GDS score
2.4 (2.6)
1.5 (1.6)
0.001
Gray matter volume (mL)
661.1 (64.4)
656.4 (63.7)
0.47
White matter volume (mL)
499.8 (53.2)
493.5 (49.3)
0.23
White matter hyperintensity volume (mL)
9.80 (6.3)
10.6 (7.1)
0.25
MRI infarct (presence)
54 (19)
22 (12)
0.03
MRI microbleed (presence)
9 (3)
12 (6)
0.79
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)
7.7 (2.1)
5.3 (0.6)
<0.001
Hb (%)
7.1 (1.2)
5.6 (0.3)
<0.001
Age at diabetes diagnosis
57.6 (10.9)
NA
Median duration of T2DM (years) (IQR)
6 (4–11)
NA
Insulin use
53 (20)
NA
T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack; BMI: Body Mass Index; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; SD: Standard Deviation; NA: not applicable; IQR: interquartile range; Mann-Whitney test; in those with T2DM.
