The Association of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Cerebral Gray Matter Volume Is Independent of Retinal Vascular Architecture and Retinopathy
Table 2
Association between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and retinal measurements.
Retinal variable
Model 1 (95% CI)
Model 2 (95% CI)
Model 3 (95% CI)
Arteriolar measures
Length, pixels
14.38 (−36.27 to 65.04)
13.01 (−42.00 to 68.01)
31.15 (−37.76 to 94.06)
Diameter, pixels
0.48 (0.05 to
0.34 (−0.13 to 0.80)
0.01 (−0.52 to 0.54)
Length/diameter ratio
0.08 (−2.11 to 2.26)
0.12 (−2.24 to 2.49)
1.24 (−1.46 to 3.95)
Simple tortuosity
0.007 (−0.001 to 0.02)
0.006 (−0.003 to 0.01)
0.006 (−0.003 to 0.02)
Internal angle (°)
2.89 (−0.34 to 6.12)
2.83 (−0.66 to 6.33)
2.63 (−1.50 to 6.76)
Optimality ratio
0.01 (0.001 to
0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02)
0.004 (−0.01 to 0.02)
Venular measures
Length, pixels
3.87 (−31.40 to 39.14)
21.30 (−16.43 to 50.02)
8.30 (−35.99 to 52.59)
Diameter, pixels
0.08 (−0.61 to 0.77)
−0.21 (−0.95 to 0.54)
−0.45 (−1.32 to 0.43)
Length/diameter ratio
0.18 (−1.12 to 1.47)
0.95 (−0.44 to 2.33)
0.65 (−0.98 to 2.27)
Simple tortuosity
0.001 (−0.001 to 0.003)
0.002 (−0.001 to 0.004)
0.001 (−0.002 to 0.004)
Retinopathy
Any retinopathy (odds ratio)
1.00 (0.68 to 1.47)
1.47 (0.96 to 2.26)
1.41 (0.85 to 2.32)
Including nonsymmetrical second-order vessels for all bifurcations. Model 1 unadjusted. Model 2 adjusted for age and sex. Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, and vascular risk factors (history of smoking, hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI and history of stroke, ischemic heart disease, and hyperlipidaemia). value < 0.05.
