Research Article
Clopidogrel Protects Endothelium by Hindering TNFα-Induced VCAM-1 Expression through CaMKKβ/AMPK/Nrf2 Pathway
Figure 3
CaMKKβ/AMPK is involved in INN-induced HO-1 expression and GSH synthesis. ECs were incubated with 10 μM INN for various time periods. (a) Total protein was subjected to Western analysis for p-AMPK and AMPK expression. ECs were treated with 10 μM STO-609 and Compound C for 1 h, followed by incubation with 10 μM INN for another 16 h. Aliquots of cell lysate underwent immunoblotting analysis for HO-1 expression (b). Total RNA was extracted and underwent RT-PCR with specific primers for HO-1 and β-actin (c). HO-1 activity was measured three times in each treatment group as mentioned in Methods. Data are expressed as fold increase of HO-1 activity versus control (d). ECs were treated with 10 μM STO-609 and Compound C for 1 h, followed by incubation with 10 μM INN for another 24 h. GSH content was detected as mentioned in Methods (e). The results represent means ± SD (). versus control; versus INN.
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