Lower Extremity Skeletal Muscle Mass, but Not Upper Extremity Skeletal Muscle Mass, Is Inversely Associated with Hospitalization in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

Cox proportional hazard analysis for evaluating the associations of upper and lower extremity skeletal muscle mass with hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes.

	Upper extremity			Lower extremity
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Age (per 1 year increase)	1.013	0.989–1.037	0.29	1.010	0.987–1.033	0.39
Sex
Men	0.769	0.322–1.838	0.77	0.749	0.339–1.652	0.47
Women	(ref)			(ref)
Height (per 1 cm increase)	1.015	0.967–1.065	0.55	1.068	1.001–1.139	0.047
Weight (per 1 kg increase)	1.020	0.990–1.051	0.19	1.030	1.005–1.055	0.017
Smoking (per 1 unit increase in Brinkman index)	1.000	1.000-1.001	0.35	1.000	1.000-1.001	0.39
Alcohol consumption (per 1 g/day increase in ethanol consumption)	1.121	1.001–1.255	0.049	1.110	0.990–1.244	0.073
History of CVD
Yes	1.119	0.459–2.728	0.8	0.835	0.330–2.117	0.71
No	(ref)			(ref)
Exercise time (per 1 min/day increase)	0.994	0985–1.004	0.25	0.995	0.986–1.004	0.29
Duration of diabetes (per 1 year increase)	1.015	0.984–1.046	0.35	1.023	0.996–1.050	0.098
Mean blood pressure (per 1 mmHg increase)	0.999	0.986–1.011	0.82	0.998	0.985–1.010	0.71
HbA1c (per 1% increase)	1.348	1.181–1.539	<0.001	1.364	1.193–1.561	<0.001
Skeletal muscle mass (per 1 kg increase)	0.744	0.438–1.263	0.27	0.752	0.601–0.942	0.013

HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.