Calcium Phosphate Product Is Associated with Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes with and without subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (SCA).
No SCA
SCA
value
Age (years)
57.0 [48.0; 64.0]
62.0 [54.0; 69.0]
<0.001
Female sex
66 (53.7)
83 (46.1)
0.241
Caucasian
114 (92.7)
175 (97.2)
0.116
Current smoking
20 (16.3)
40 (22.2)
0.258
Physical activity (minutes)
60 (50.8)
80 (47.6)
0.676
Hypertension
57 (46.3)
115 (64.2)
0.003
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
136 ± 17.1
142 ± 19.6
0.003
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
77.5 ± 10.6
76.6 ± 10.9
0.504
Dyslipidemia
51 (41.5)
89 (49.7)
0.195
Insulin treatment
39 (31.7)
62 (34.4)
0.710
Disease duration (years)
7.00 [4.00; 12.5]
8.50 [4.00; 15.0]
0.195
Body mass index (kg/m2)
30.6 [28.3; 34.7]
30.6 [27.7; 34.4]
0.280
Waist circumference (cm)
105 ± 11.8
105 ± 10.9
0.903
Season
0.690
Spring
30 (24.4)
53 (29.4)
Summer
44 (35.8)
59 (32.8)
Autumn
32 (26.0)
40 (22.2)
Winter
17 (13.8)
28 (15.6)
HbA1c (%)
7.55 [6.60; 8.60]
7.60 [6.90; 8.40]
0.970
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
183 [162; 210]
182 [164; 204]
0.969
HDL-c (mg/dL)
46.0 [40.0; 57.0]
49.0 [42.0; 60.0]
0.065
LDL-c (mg/dL)
107 [86.8; 130]
107 [89.2; 127]
0.919
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
122 [85.0; 181]
110 [82.8; 155]
0.105
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
0.77 [0.67; 0.90]
0.80 [0.69; 0.93]
0.480
Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g)
7.10 [3.60; 15.5]
8.43 [3.97; 20.3]
0.318
25OHD (ng/mL)
18.8 [13.2; 26.2]
18.4 [13.3; 24.2]
0.341
Vitamin D levels
0.530
<20 ng/mL
65 (52.8)
106 (58.9)
20–<30 ng/mL
42 (34.1)
56 (31.1)
≥30 ng/mL
16 (13.0)
18 (10.0)
Dietary vitamin D intake (μg/day)
4.47 [2.93; 5.70]
3.88 [2.92; 5.05]
0.181
Dietary calcium intake (mg/day)
1182 [866; 1467]
1116 [811; 1379]
0.155
Parathormone (pg/mL)
47.1 [36.8; 56.6]
42.4 [33.9; 52.3]
0.027
Calcium (mg/dL)
9.25 [9.01; 9.42]
9.29 [9.06; 9.48]
0.312
Phosphate (mg/dL)
3.41 [3.13; 3.76]
3.57 [3.28; 3.84]
0.026
Calcium phosphate product (mg2/dL2)
31.9 [29.0; 35.2]
32.9 [30.3; 36.2]
0.026
cIMT (mm)
0.73 [0.66; 0.80]
0.83 [0.73; 0.91]
<0.001
Values are mean ± SD, n (%) or median [interquartile range]. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 25OHD: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, cIMT: common carotid intima-media thickness.