Research Article

Calcium Phosphate Product Is Associated with Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes with and without subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (SCA).

No SCA SCA value

Age (years)57.0 [48.0; 64.0]62.0 [54.0; 69.0]<0.001
Female sex66 (53.7)83 (46.1)0.241
Caucasian114 (92.7)175 (97.2)0.116
Current smoking20 (16.3)40 (22.2)0.258
Physical activity (minutes)60 (50.8)80 (47.6)0.676
Hypertension57 (46.3)115 (64.2)0.003
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)136 ± 17.1142 ± 19.60.003
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)77.5 ± 10.676.6 ± 10.90.504
Dyslipidemia51 (41.5)89 (49.7)0.195
Insulin treatment39 (31.7)62 (34.4)0.710
Disease duration (years)7.00 [4.00; 12.5]8.50 [4.00; 15.0]0.195
Body mass index (kg/m2)30.6 [28.3; 34.7]30.6 [27.7; 34.4]0.280
Waist circumference (cm)105 ± 11.8105 ± 10.90.903
Season0.690
 Spring30 (24.4)53 (29.4)
 Summer44 (35.8)59 (32.8)
 Autumn32 (26.0)40 (22.2)
 Winter17 (13.8)28 (15.6)
HbA1c (%)7.55 [6.60; 8.60]7.60 [6.90; 8.40]0.970
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)183 [162; 210]182 [164; 204]0.969
HDL-c (mg/dL)46.0 [40.0; 57.0]49.0 [42.0; 60.0]0.065
LDL-c (mg/dL)107 [86.8; 130]107 [89.2; 127]0.919
Triglycerides (mg/dL)122 [85.0; 181]110 [82.8; 155]0.105
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)0.77 [0.67; 0.90]0.80 [0.69; 0.93]0.480
Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g)7.10 [3.60; 15.5]8.43 [3.97; 20.3]0.318
25OHD (ng/mL)18.8 [13.2; 26.2]18.4 [13.3; 24.2]0.341
Vitamin D levels0.530
 <20 ng/mL65 (52.8)106 (58.9)
 20–<30 ng/mL42 (34.1)56 (31.1)
 ≥30 ng/mL16 (13.0)18 (10.0)
Dietary vitamin D intake (μg/day)4.47 [2.93; 5.70]3.88 [2.92; 5.05]0.181
Dietary calcium intake (mg/day)1182 [866; 1467]1116 [811; 1379]0.155
Parathormone (pg/mL)47.1 [36.8; 56.6]42.4 [33.9; 52.3]0.027
Calcium (mg/dL)9.25 [9.01; 9.42]9.29 [9.06; 9.48]0.312
Phosphate (mg/dL)3.41 [3.13; 3.76]3.57 [3.28; 3.84]0.026
Calcium phosphate product (mg2/dL2)31.9 [29.0; 35.2]32.9 [30.3; 36.2]0.026
cIMT (mm)0.73 [0.66; 0.80]0.83 [0.73; 0.91]<0.001

Values are mean ± SD, n (%) or median [interquartile range]. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 25OHD: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, cIMT: common carotid intima-media thickness.