Association between Knowledge-Attitude-Practices and Control of Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, and Blood Lipids in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Shanghai, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Prevalence of achieving the combined target goal in patients with T2DM by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

Variables	Total; ()	Achieving the combined target goal; ()	Not achieving the combined target goal; ()	χ^2 or t	value^△
Age (year), mean ± SD	67.4 ± 8.4	68.9 ± 7.4	67.3 ± 8.4	1.330	0.184
Gender, N (%)
Male	808	36 (4.5)	772 (95.5)	12.107	0.001^#
Female	1089	19 (1.7)	1070 (98.3)
Educational attainment, N (%)
Elementary or lower	692	8 (1.2)	684 (98.8)	14.671	0.002^#
Junior high school	781	26 (3.3)	755 (96.7)
High school	262	12 (4.6)	250 (95.4)
College	162	9 (5.6)	153 (94.4)
Marital status, N (%)
Single, divorced, or windowed	106	3 (2.8)	103 (97.2)	0.000	1.000^#
Married or cohabitating	1791	52 (2.9)	1739 (97.1)
Smoking status, N (%)
Previous smoker/never smoked	1524	44 (2.9)	1480 (97.1)	0.004	0.949^#
Current smoker	373	11 (2.9)	362 (97.1)
Family history of diabetes mellitus, N (%)
No	1274	29 (2.3)	1245 (97.7)	6.967	0.008^#
Yes	522	24 (4.6)	498 (95.4)
Duration of diabetes mellitus (year), mean ± SD	9.2 ± 6.0	9.3 ± 6.5	9.2 ± 6.0	0.157	0.876
Onset age (year), mean ± SD	58.3 ± 9.1	59.7 ± 8.5	58.2 ± 9.1	1.129	0.259
Current medical treatment, N (%)
Without medicine	137	3 (2.2)	134 (97.8)		0.731^#
Oral medicine	1375	38 (2.8)	1337 (97.2)	1.293
Insulin	150	6 (4.0)	144 (96.0)
Oral medicine + insulin	135	5 (3.7)	130 (96.3)
Hypertension, N (%)
No	474	21 (4.4)	453 (95.6)	5.262	0.022^#
Yes	1423	34 (2.4)	1389 (97.6)
CAD, N (%)
No	1728	52 (3.0)	1676 (97.0)	0.452	0.501^#
Yes	169	3 (1.8)	166 (98.2)
Stroke, N (%)
No	1767	50 (2.8)	1717 (97.2)	0.505	0.444^#
Yes	130	5 (3.8)	125 (96.2)
BMI (kg/m^2), N (%)
<18.5	18	1 (5.6)	17 (94.4)		0.001^#
≥18.5, <24	599	30 (5.0)	569 (95.0)	15.187
≥24	1260	23 (1.8)	1237 (98.2)
SP, mean ± SD	135.5 ± 15.5	122.2 ± 10.3	135.9 ± 15.5	−9.544	<0.001
DP, mean ± SD	79.6 ± 8.4	72.5 ± 4.6	79.8 ± 8.4	−11.238	<0.001^∗
HbA1c (%), mean ± SD	7.3 ± 1.5	6.2 ± 0.4	7.3 ± 1.5	−16.932	<0.001
TC (mmol/L), mean ± SD	4.8 ± 1.0	3.8 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 1.0	−14.953	<0.001
TG (mmol/L), mean ± SD	1.6 ± 1.2	0.9 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 1.2	−15.222	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L), mean ± SD	2.8 ± 0.9	1.9 ± 0.5	2.8 ± 0.9	−12.773	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L), mean ± SD	1.4 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.4	2.830	0.005
BUN (mmol/L), mean ± SD	5.6 ± 1.7	5.5 ± 1.3	5.6 ± 1.7	−0.650	0.516
SCr (umol/L), mean ± SD	68.6 ± 24.6	70.3 ± 19.9	68.5 ± 24.7	0.516	0.606
UA (umol/L), mean ± SD	307.9 ± 76.3	298.7 ± 69.2	308.1 ± 76.5	−0.881	0.379
eGFR^a (mL·min^−1 ⋅ (1.73 m^2)^−1), mean ± SD	97.7 ± 28.5	101.1 ± 30.3	97.6 ± 28.5	0.872	0.383
UACR^b (mg/g), N (%)
<30	1194	43 (3.6)	1151 (94.4)		0.011^#
30–300	418	4 (1.0)	414 (99.0)	8.646
>300	58	1 (1.7)	57 (98.3)
DR^c, N (%)
No	515	12 (2.3)	503 (97.7)	0.455	0.500^#
Yes	119	1 (0.8)	118 (99.2)

BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary heart disease; DR: diabetic retinopathy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urinary albumin creatinine ratio. ^aeGFR was calculated from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula, as follows: eGFR (mL·min⁻¹ ⋅ (1.73 m²)⁻¹) = 186 × CRE (mg/dL)^−1.154 × age^−0.203 (× 0.742, if female). ^bUACR was measured on a single random urine sample and calculated from urinary albumin–creatinine ratio. ^cDR was defined on the international Clinical Grading Standards of Diabetic Retinopathy (2002) by the ophthalmologist according to the retinal photographs. The results were categorized into two levels: with DR or without DR. ^§The number of respondents included in the study. ^△Comparing participants under the combined control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids with those out of combined control. Using the t-test. ^#Using chi-square test.