Journal of Diabetes Research

Research Article

Urinary Sodium Concentration Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Type 2 Diabetes Cohort Population

Table 1

Baseline characteristics according to tertiles of urinary sodium concentration.


	All (n = 1,439)	Tertiles of urinary sodium concentration			value
		Low	Intermediate	High
		<69 mmol/L ()	69–103 mmol/L (n = 481)	>103 mmol/L ()

Clinical variables
Age (year)	65.3 ± 10.7	66.1 ± 10.6	65.6 ± 10.5	64.0 ± 10.8	0.008
Male, (%)	835 (58%)	252 (53%)	282 (59%)	301 (63%)	0.006
Body mass index (kg/m²)	31.2 ± 6.3	31.2 ± 6.4	30.7 ± 6.0	31.9 ± 6.3	0.02
Active smoking, (%)	152 (11%)	48 (10%)	48 (10%)	56 (12%)	0.66
Diabetes duration (years)	14.5 ± 10.0	15.9 ± 10.1	15.1 ± 10.4	12.5 ± 9.3	<0.001
(%)	7.8 ± 1.6	7.7 ± 1.7	7.8 ± 1.7	7.7 ± 1.5	0.47
History of cardiovascular disease, (%)	276 (19%)	113 (24%)	87 (18%)	76 (16%)	0.005
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	132 ± 18	131 ± 18	134 ± 18	133 ± 16	0.03
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	72 ± 11	71 ± 11	73 ± 10	73 ± 12	0.002
Medications use
Any Diabetes therapy, (%)	1,378 (96%)	462 (97%)	457 (95%)	459 (96%)	0.62
Oral antidiabetic agent, (%)	910 (63%)	279 (58%)	294 (61%)	337 (71%)	<0.001
Insulin, (%)	864 (60%)	322 (67%)	292 (61%)	250 (52%)	<0.001
Any antihypertensive therapy, (%)	1189 (83%)	426 (89%)	394 (82%)	369 (77%)	<0.001
Diuretics, (%)	655 (46%)	268 (57%)	210 (44%)	177 (37%)	<0.001
RAAS blockers, (%)	900 (63%)	316 (66%)	301 (63%)	283 (60%)	0.05
Beta blockers, (%)	483 (34%)	185 (39%)	163 (34%)	135 (28%)	0.002
Calcium channel blockers, (%)	448 (31%)	162 (34%)	146 (31%)	140 (29%)	0.23
Renal parameters
eGFR (ml⋅min⁻¹ per 1.73 m⁻²)	73 ± 25	65 ± 27	73 ± 24	81 ± 19	<0.001
uACR (mg/g)	3.0 (12.9)	4.1 (18.2)	3.5 (15.1)	2.4 (7.6)	<0.001
Diabetic nephropathy (normo-/micro-/macroalbuminuric): (%)	528 (43%)/421 (34%)/293 (24%)	163 (40%)/119 (29%)/127 (31%)	173 (41%)/149 (35%)/100 (24%)	192 (47%)/153 (37%)/66 (16%)	<0.001
(mmol/L)	89 ± 41	45 ± 15	85 ± 10	135 ± 26	<0.001
(mmol/L)	52 ± 25	47 ± 26	51 ± 24	59 ± 24	<0.001
U :	91 (89)	70 (85)	82 (78)	114 (84)	<0.001
Estimated 24 h Na excretion (g/day)	4.6 ± 1.8	3.5 ± 1.4	4.9 ± 1.5	5.5 ± 1.7
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	113 (270)	155 (530)	113 (241)	83 (147)
Copeptin (pmol/L)	6.7 (8.0)	6.7 (10.7)	6.2 (7.2)	7.3 (6.7)	0.07
Presence of glycosuria: n (%)	494 (34%)	143 (30%)	170 (35%)	181 (38%)	0.03

Quantitative variables are described by mean ± SD or median (IQR).
History of cardiovascular disease = history of stroke or myocardial infarction; RAAS blockers = angiotensin receptor blockers and/or ACE inhibitors. eGFR, CKD EPI equation; uACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; , urinary sodium concentration; , urinary potassium concentration; U : , urinary to plasma creatinine concentration ratio; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.