Research Article
Protein Intake, Especially Vegetable Protein Intake, Is Associated with Higher Skeletal Muscle Mass in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of study patients.
| | Men () | Women () |
| | Age (year) | 72.9 (6.0) | 73.0 (5.2) | | Body weight (kg) | 62.7 (9.1) | 55.0 (9.5) | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 (3.1) | 23.6 (4.1) | | Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 25.5 (3.3) | 19.1 (2.3) | | Skeletal muscle index (%) | 41.0 (3.7) | 35.1 (4.1) | | Body fat mass (kg) | 15.8 (5.7) | 18.9 (7.2) | | Smoking (−/+) | 25/72 | 60/11 | | Regular exerciser (−/+) | 64/33 | 64/7 | | Disease duration (year) | 16.6 (9.3) | 15.9 (9.9) | | Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.0 (2.6) | 8.0 (2.7) | | Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.1 (1.1) | 7.2 (0.9) | | Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 54 (12) | 55 (10) | | Creatinine (μmol/L) | 73.8 (19.8) | 54.2 (11.9) | | eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 71.9 (16.7) | 75.3 (17.5) | | Urine albumin excretion (mg/g creatinine) | 37.3 (53.1) | 48.5 (57.5) | | C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.4) | | C-peptide index | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.4 (0.9) | | C-reactive protein (μg/L) | 1307.2 (2584.0) | 1612.7 (4734.8) | | Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.7) | | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.9) | | HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | | Insulin treatment (−/+) | 73/24 | 53/18 | | Energy intake (kcal) | 1941.3 (568.9) | 1575.9 (474.6) | | Protein intake (g/day) | 82.1 (30.5) | 70.9 (29.0) | | Protein intake (g/kg BW/day) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.6) | | Animal protein intake (g/kg BW/day) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.5) | | Vegetable protein intake (g/kg BW/day) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | | Animal protein to vegetable protein ratio | 1.7 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.7) | | Fat intake (g/day) | 57.8 (22.2) | 49.4 (19.4) | | Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 248.8 (73.8) | 205.3 (62.5) | | Alcohol intake (g/day) | 10.9 (19.6) | 2.0 (7.2) |
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Data was expressed as mean (SD) or number. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; BW: body weight.
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