Characterization of Metabolically Healthy Obese People and Metabolically Unhealthy Normal-Weight People in a General Population Cohort of the ABCD Study

Table 4

Physical and biochemical characteristics of the cohort divided according to the presence of overweight-obesity and diabetes-prediabetes, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL cholesterol (healthy = 0-1 conditions; unhealthy = at least 2 conditions).

	Normal-weight		Overweight-obesity		^a
	Healthy ()	Unhealthy ()	Healthy ()	Unhealthy ()
Male (%)	24.6	45.4	30.2	48.5	<0.001
Age	39 ± 12^b,c,d	57 ± 12^c	47 ± 13^b,d	59 ± 11	<0.001
Smokers (%)	20.9	21.6	12.9	15.2	0.07
Physical inactivity (%)	51.6	63.9	49.0	67.3	<0.001
Body weight (kg)	60.1 ± 7.9^c,d	60.3 ± 8.5^c,d	70.6 ± 14.2^d	82.7 ± 14.9	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.4 ± 1.7^c,d	23.2 ± 1.4^c,d	29.1 ± 4.6^d	31.2 ± 4.8	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	80.9 ± 6.9^b,c,d	86.5 ± 7.1^c,d	96.8 ± 10.7^d	104.0 ± 11.1	<0.001
Phase angle BIA (°)	6.8 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 1.3	6.8 ± 1.1	6.9 ± 3.2	0.72
Prevalence of (%)
CHD	0	3.1	1.0	7.0	<0.001
AA aneurysm	0	4.2	0	2.3	<0.001
Cholelithiasis	4.8	13.4	10.5	15.1	0.01
Hepatic steatosis	25.1	28.1	40.5	57.2	<0.001
Insulin (mU/ml)	6.38 ± 3.15	7.51 ± 3.66	9.13 ± 5.57	13.9 ± 9.97	0.13
HOMA-IR	1.33 ± 0.79^d	1.74 ± 1.08^d	1.94 ± 1.26^d	3.32 ± 3.41	<0.001
hs-CRP (mg/dl)	0.15 ± 0.30^d	0.18 ± 0.25	0.26 ± 0.42	0.30 ± 0.45	<0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	105.3 ± 14.6^b,c,d	89.4 ± 16.6^c	99.7 ± 16.9^d	87.3 ± 16.3	<0.001
ABI	1.08 ± 0.07	1.07 ± 0.07	1.09 ± 0.06	1.08 ± 0.07	0.05
c-IMT max (mm)	0.54 ± 0.13^b,c,d	0.74 ± 0.27^c	0.62 ± 0.19^d	0.76 ± 0.21	<0.001

Mean ± SD or percentages. ^aANOVA or χ² test (stratified by age, gender, and physical inactivity) if appropriate. versus ^bnormal-weight unhealthy, ^cobese healthy, and ^dobese unhealthy; CHD: coronary heart disease; AA: abdominal aorta; ABI: ankle-brachial index; BIA: bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI: body mass index; c-IMT max: maximum carotid intima-media thickness; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoproteins; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoproteins.