Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Subsequent Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome in the ELIXA: The Importance of Disease Duration
Table 1
Characteristics of all patients at baseline according to the presence of retinopathy and/or neuropathy.
Characteristic
All patients
No retinopathy/neuropathy
Retinopathy and/or neuropathy
value
Age (years)
60.3 ± 9.7
59.7 ± 9.7
62.3 ± 9.2
<0.001
Male sex ( (%))
4207 (69.3)
3379 (71.8)
828 (60.7)
<0.001
Body weight (kg)
84.9 ± 19.4
84.1 ± 18.9
87.6 ± 20.9
<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
30.2 ± 5.7
29.9 ± 5.6
31.2 ± 6.0
<0.001
Duration of T2DM (years)
7.4 (2.8, 13.6)
6.0 (2.0, 11.7)
12.4 (7.0, 20.2)
<0.001
Categories of T2DM duration ( (%))
<0.001
≤1 year
964 (15.9)
914 (19.4)
50 (3.7)
>1–≤5 years
1294 (21.3)
1130 (24.0)
164 (12.0)
>5–≤10 years
1359 (22.4)
1076 (22.9)
283 (20.8)
>10 years
2451 (40.4)
1585 (33.7)
866 (63.5)
Race (n (%))
<0.001
White
4576 (75.4)
3471 (73.8)
1105 (81.1)
Black
221 (3.6)
171 (3.6)
50 (3.7)
Asian
771 (12.7)
669 (14.2)
102 (7.5)
Other
500 (8.2)
394 (8.4)
106 (7.8)
Region ( (%))
<0.001
Africa/Near East
296 (4.9)
228 (4.8)
68 (5.0)
Asia Pacific
703 (11.6)
615 (13.1)
88 (6.5)
Eastern Europe
1587 (26.2)
1115 (23.7)
472 (34.6)
North America
807 (13.3)
564 (12.0)
243 (17.8)
South and Central America
1944 (32.0)
1600 (34.0)
344 (25.2)
Western Europe
731 (12.0)
583 (12.4)
148 (10.9)
Smoking status ( (%))
<0.001
Current
709 (11.7)
579 (12.3)
130 (9.5)
Former
2746 (45.3)
2184 (46.4)
562 (41.2)
Never
2612 (43.1)
1941 (41.3)
671 (49.2)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
77 ± 10
77 ± 10
76.3 ± 10
<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
130 ± 17
129 ± 17
131 ± 17
<0.001
Heart rate (beats/min)
70 ± 10
70 ± 10
71 ± 10
0.027
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)
148.3 ± 51.6
145.2 ± 49.1
159.3 ± 58.1
<0.001
Glycated hemoglobin (%)
7.7 ± 1.3
7.6 ± 1.3
8.0 ± 1.2
<0.001
Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol)
61 ± 14
60 ± 14
64 ± 13
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
153.5 ± 44.6
151.3 ± 43.5
161.1 ± 47.3
<0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
42.9 ± 10.9
42.6 ± 10.6
44.1 ± 11.7
<0.001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
78.5 ± 35.3
77.1 ± 34.7
83.4 ± 36.9
<0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
137.2 (99.1, 195.6)
136.3 (100.0, 192.9)
141.6 (99.1, 208.0)
0.021
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)
76 ± 21
77 ± 21
71 ± 22
<0.001
Albuminuria ( (%))
<0.001
<30 mg/g
4441 (74.3)
3579 (77.2)
862 (64.2)
≥30–<300 mg/g
1148 (19.2)
819 (17.7)
329 (24.5)
≥300 mg/g
389 (6.5)
237 (5.1)
152 (11.3)
Medical history at randomization ( (%))
Hypertension
4635 (76.4)
3463 (73.6)
1172 (86)
<0.001
Heart failure
1358 (22.4)
923 (19.6)
435 (31.9)
<0.001
Stroke
331 (5.5)
204 (4.3)
127 (9.3)
<0.001
Peripheral arterial disease
393 (6.5)
227 (4.8)
166 (12.2)
<0.001
Atrial fibrillation
366 (6.0)
247 (5.2)
119 (8.7)
<0.001
Percutaneous coronary intervention
4079 (67.2)
3263 (69.4)
816 (59.9)
<0.001
Coronary artery bypass grafting
507 (8.4)
363 (7.7)
144 (10.6)
<0.001
Qualifying ACS event ( (%))
<0.001
STEMI
2666 (44.0)
2187 (46.5)
479 (35.2)
NSTEMI
2348 (38.7)
1817 (38.6)
531 (39.0)
Unstable angina
1042 (17.2)
693 (14.7)
349 (25.6)
Missing
9 (0.1)
6 (0.1)
3 (0.2)
Antihyperglycemic therapy ( (%))
Metformin
4243 (69.9)
3367 (71.6)
876 (64.3)
<0.001
Sulfonylureas
2266 (37.3)
1779 (37.8)
487 (35.7)
0.16
Insulin
2891 (47.6)
1948 (41.4)
943 (69.2)
<0.001
Thiazolidinediones
128 (2.1)
92 (2.0)
36 (2.6)
0.12
Alpha-glucose inhibitor
181 (3.0)
150 (3.2)
31 (2.3)
0.08
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor
226 (3.7)
176 (3.7)
50 (3.7)
0.90
Other
485 (8.0)
384 (8.2)
101 (7.4)
0.37
Data is presented as means ± SD, median (25–75th percentile), or percentages. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MI: myocardial infarction; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
