Relationships of Insulin Action to Age, Gender, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference Present Diversely in Different Glycemic Statuses among Chinese Population

Table 2

Gender-specific and age-specific serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR in the participants by glycemic status.

	Overall		Previously diagnosed ()		Newly diagnosed ()		IFG ()		NFG ()
	Insulin	HOMA-IR	Insulin	HOMA-IR	Insulin	HOMA-IR	Insulin	HOMA-IR	Insulin	HOMA-IR
Gender
Male	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	0.7 (0.6-0.7)	2.0 (2.0-2.1)	1.0 (0.9-1.0)	2.4 (2.4-2.5)	1.5 (1.4-1.5)	2.2 (2.2-2.2)	0.9 (0.9-1.0)	1.7 (1.7-1.8)	0.3 (0.2-0.3)
Female	2.2 (2.1-2.2)	0.8 (0.8-0.8)	2.2 (2.2-2.2)	1.2 (1.1-1.2)	2.5 (2.5-2.5)	1.5 (1.5-1.6)	2.4 (2.4-2.4)	1.1 (1.1-1.1)	2.0 (1.9-2.0)	0.5 (0.5-0.6)
values †	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.101	0.012	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Gender- and age- specific
Male, age, y
18–44	2.2 (2.2-2.3)	0.9 (0.8-0.9)	2.4 (2.3–2.5)	1.4 (1.2–1.5)	2.7 (2.6–2.8)	1.8 (1.7–1.9)	2.6 (2.6-2.7)	1.4 (1.3-1.4)	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	0.5 (0.5-0.5)
45–59	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	0.7 (0.7-0.7)	2.1 (2.0-2.1)	1.1 (1.0-1.1)	2.4 (2.4-2.5)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	2.2 (2.2-2.2)	0.9 (0.9-1.0)	1.8 (1.7-1.8)	0.3 (0.2-0.3)
60–69	1.8 (1.8-1.9)	0.5 (0.5-0.5)	2.0 (1.9-2.0)	0.9 (0.8-0.9)	2.3 (2.2–2.4)	1.3 (1.3-1.4)	2.1 (2.0-2.1)	0.8 (0.8-0.8)	1.6 (1.6-1.6)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)
≥70	1.9 (1.9-2.0)	0.6 (0.5-0.6)	2.1 (2.0-2.1)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	2.4 (2.3–2.5)	1.4 (1.3–1.5)	2.0 (2.0-2.1)	0.8 (0.7-0.8)	1.6 (1.6-1.7)	0.1 (0.1-0.1)
Model 1‡	<0.001	<0.001	0.028	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Model 2‡	<0.001	<0.001	0.278	0.436	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Model 3‡	<0.001	<0.001	0.725	0.977	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Female, age, y
18–44	2.3 (2.2-2.3)	0.9 (0.8-0.9)	2.3 (2.2–2.5)	1.2 (1.1–1.4)	2.6 (2.6-2.7)	1.7 (1.6–1.8)	2.7 (2.6-2.7)	1.4 (1.3–1.5)	2.1 (2.1-2.1)	0.6 (0.5-0.6)
45–59	2.1 (2.1-2.2)	0.8 (0.8-0.8)	2.2 (2.2-2.3)	1.2 (1.1-1.2)	2.4 (2.4-2.5)	1.5 (1.5-1.6)	2.3 (2.3-2.4)	1.1 (1.0-1.1)	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	0.5 (0.5-0.5)
60–69	2.1 (2.1-2.1)	0.8 (0.8-0.8)	2.2 (2.2-2.3)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	2.5 (2.4-2.5)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	2.3 (2.3-2.3)	1.0 (1.0-1.1)	1.9 (1.9-1.9)	0.4 (0.4-0.5)
≥70	2.1 (2.0-2.1)	0.8 (0.8-0.8)	2.3 (2.2-2.3)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	2.5 (2.4-2.5)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	2.3 (2.2-2.3)	1.0 (1.0-1.1)	1.8 (1.8-1.9)	0.4 (0.4-0.4)
Model 1‡	<0.001	<0.001	0.937	0.346	0.006	0.006	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Model 2‡	<0.001	<0.001	0.959	0.822	0.011	0.014	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Model 3‡	<0.001	<0.001	0.743	0.512	0.118	0.023	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Mean values (95% confidence interval) were shown. IFG: impaired fasting glucose; NFG: normal fasting glucose. Insulin and HOMA-IR values were logarithmically transformed; values from ANCOVA; values from multiple linear regression. Model 1 was adjusted for education (less than high school, high school or equivalent, or college or above), marital status (married or unmarried), smoking status (current smoker, former smoker, or never smoked), alcohol use (currently, formerly, or never), physical activity (yes or no), TC, TG, LDL, and HDL. Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 plus family history of diabetes (yes or no), glucose, and HbA1c. Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in model 2 plus BMI and WC.