The Humanistic and Economic Burden Associated with Anxiety and Depression among Adults with Comorbid Diabetes and Hypertension
Table 1
Description of study sample by depression and anxiety categories among adults with comorbid diabetes and hypertension, using pooled data from the 2013 and 2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
All
Depression and anxiety
Depression only
Anxiety only
No depression/anxiety
Wt%
Wt row%
Wt row%
Wt row%
Wt row%
value
sig
All
4560
100.0
309
7.7
561
13.2
366
8.7
3324
70.4
Predisposing factors
Sex
<0.001
Female
2477
50.1
227
10.9
368
16.5
227
10.3
1655
62.3
Male
2083
49.9
82
4.4
193
10.0
139
7.0
1669
78.6
Race/ethnicity
<0.001
White
1658
61.6
163
9.2
237
14.6
173
10.4
1085
65.8
African-American
1267
16.1
51
4.0
140
11.1
90
6.3
986
78.6
Latino
1210
14.4
80
6.8
156
13.2
87
6.4
887
73.6
Others
425
7.9
15
4.5
28
6.9
16
4.2
366
84.4
Age groups
<0.001
18–39 years
224
4.4
21
10.5
30
15.5
23
8.7
150
65.3
40–54 years
1016
19.9
96
10.3
121
13.2
77
8.3
722
68.1
55–64 years
1304
26.8
98
8.6
191
16.0
98
8.8
917
66.6
65–74 years
1165
28.6
65
7.3
152
13.8
92
8.2
856
70.8
75 years or older
851
20.3
29
3.7
67
8.4
76
9.4
679
78.5
Enabling factors
Marital status
<0.001
Married
2352
57.5
110
5.7
265
12.9
170
8.0
1807
73.3
Not married
2208
42.5
199
10.3
296
13.6
196
9.5
1517
66.6
Education level†
0.186
<High school
1301
19.1
74
6.0
158
11.4
106
9.3
963
73.3
High school
1447
34.2
110
8.9
174
12.9
126
9.2
1037
69.0
>HS
1751
46.7
121
7.5
223
14.2
131
8.1
1276
70.2
Poverty status‡
<0.001
Poor
1014
13.5
100
11.5
165
15.6
95
9.6
654
63.2
Near poor
1174
22.7
88
9.4
138
13.2
105
10.3
843
67.1
Middle income
1321
30.5
77
7.6
152
13.7
92
7.0
1000
71.6
High income
1051
33.3
44
5.0
106
11.8
74
8.6
827
74.6
Insurance coverage
<0.001
Private
2119
57.0
100
5.8
230
13.2
161
8.3
1628
72.7
Public
2067
37.3
193
10.8
294
14.0
190
9.8
1390
65.4
Uninsured
374
5.7
16
6.1
37
9.1
15
4.6
306
80.1
Prescription insurance
0.020
Yes
1670
44.7
79
5.9
182
13.8
128
8.6
1281
71.7
No
2890
55.3
230
9.1
379
12.8
238
8.7
2043
69.4
Need factors
Perceived physical health
<0.001
Excellent/very good
1037
26.7
36
4.3
85
9.2
69
8.0
847
78.5
Good
1642
38.2
81
6.1
160
11.3
117
8.1
1284
74.6
Fair/poor
1881
35.1
192
11.9
316
18.4
180
9.8
1193
59.8
Perceived mental health
<0.001
Excellent/very good
1979
48.2
56
3.8
135
8.0
124
7.6
1664
80.6
Good
1702
35.8
103
7.3
228
15.3
134
8.7
1237
68.6
Fair/poor
879
16.0
150
20.1
198
24.5
108
11.6
423
43.8
Multimorbidity
<0.001
Yes
3179
72.6
198
8.6
369
15.3
212
8.8
1729
67.3
No
1381
27.4
104
6.3
180
10.4
146
8.3
1525
75.0
Pain interference
<0.001
None/little
2240
50.5
95
5.5
191
9.7
143
7.6
1811
77.3
Moderate
757
17.5
58
8.4
103
14.4
64
8.6
532
68.6
A lot/extreme
1204
25.0
136
12.1
228
20.2
132
11.2
708
56.6
Not reported
359
7.1
20
5.9
39
11.3
27
7.5
273
75.3
Personal health practice
Obesity†, ⁋
<0.001
Yes
2508
57.3
198
8.6
369
15.3
212
8.8
1729
67.3
No
1955
42.7
104
6.3
180
10.4
146
8.3
1525
75.0
Current smoker
<0.001
Yes
578
12.2
77
12.8
103
21.0
49
7.7
349
58.5
No
3553
79.2
214
7.1
415
12.4
281
8.7
2643
71.7
Not reported
429
8.6
18
5.5
43
9.7
36
9.1
332
75.7
Exercise ≥ 5 times/week†
<0.001
Yes
1584
34.7
77
6.1
154
10.1
99
6.6
1254
77.2
No
2938
65.3
229
8.5
402
14.9
266
9.8
2041
66.8
External environment
Region
0.027
Northeast
740
17.2
76
11.1
99
12.7
56
8.1
509
68.0
Midwest
800
22.0
69
8.9
106
13.0
80
10.2
545
67.9
South
2011
42.6
109
5.7
250
13.9
166
8.7
1486
71.7
West
1009
18.3
55
7.6
106
12.4
64
7.2
784
72.8
Note: study sample included adults (≥18 years old) with comorbid diabetes and hypertension who were alive in the observation year (2013/2015). Wt%: weighted percentages; Wt row%: weighted row percentages; Sig.: statistical significance level. †Some groups with missing data were not reported here due to small cell size (<10). ‡Poverty status was calculated from the annual family income and family composition using the federal poverty line (FPL). Poor was defined as <100% FPL; near poor was defined as >100% FPL and <199% FPL; middle income was defined as >200% FPL and <399% FPL; high income was defined as >400% FPL. ⁋Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30.0. ;;.
