The Humanistic and Economic Burden Associated with Anxiety and Depression among Adults with Comorbid Diabetes and Hypertension

Table 3

Unadjusted and adjusted annual per-person mean healthcare expenditures (2015 US$) by depression and anxiety categories among adults with comorbid diabetes and hypertension, using pooled data from the 2013 and 2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.

		Unadjusted mean	Adjusted mean^†	Adjusted incremental^†
		Mean; (SE), $	Mean; (95% CI)^‡, $	Mean; (95% CI)^‡, $
All payers
Depression and anxiety	309	28,832.15 (5963.66)	20,962.68 (20,580.69–21,328.80)	8708.81 (8550.11–8860.90)
Depression only	559	19,648.34 (1,542.8)	16,860.66 (16,553.42–17,155.13)	4606.78 (4522.84–4687.24)
Anxiety only	366	16,990.31 (2008.43)	14,735.14 (14,466.63–14,992.49)	2481.26 (2436.05–2524.60)
No depression/anxiety	3256	11,543.4 (448.52)	12,253.88 (12,030.58–12,467.89)	(reference group)
Third-party payers
Depression and anxiety	309	27,009.6 (5928.43)	20,396.77 (20,003.49–20,782.35)	9132.19 (8956.11–9304.83)
Depression only	559	17,844.71 (1436.02)	15,659.59 (15,357.65–15,955.62)	4395.01 (4310.27–4478.09)
Anxiety only	366	15,236.58 (1996.7)	13,273.26 (13,017.34–13,524.18)	2008.69 (1969.96–2046.66)
No depression/anxiety	3256	10,420.07 (445.14)	11,264.58 (11,047.38–11,477.53)	(reference group)
Out-of-pocket
Depression and anxiety	309	1822.54 (207.53)	1382.75 (1361.19–1405.12)	399.31 (393.08–405.77)
Depression only	559	1803.64 (236.02)	1364.25 (1342.98–1386.32)	380.81 (374.88–386.98)
Anxiety only	366	1753.73 (231.31)	1312.70 (1292.23–1333.94)	329.26 (324.12–334.59)
No depression/anxiety	3256	1123.33 (41.17)	983.44 (968.10–999.35)	(reference group)

Note: the analytic sample consisted of adults (>18 years) with comorbid diabetes and hypertension who were alive and had positive expenditures in the observation year (2013/2015). All the expenditures were converted to 2015 US dollars using the consumer product index from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. SE: standard error of the mean. ^†The adjusted annual per-person mean/incremental healthcare expenditures were obtained from recycled predictions based on the estimates of generalized linear model (GLM) with log link function and gamma distribution. Covariates adjusted in the GLM included predisposing factors (sex, age groups, and race/ethnicity), enabling factors (marital status, education level, poverty status, health insurance coverage, and prescription drug insurance coverage), enabling factor (presence/absence of other chronic conditions, pain interference), personal health practice (obesity, smoking status, and exercise level), and external environment (region). ^‡Confidence intervals are based on 2000 bootstrap replications using the percentile method. ; ; .