Maternal Nutrition during Early Pregnancy and Cardiometabolic Status of Neonates at Birth
Table 2
Baseline biochemical and micronutrients of mothers at first visit.
Variables
Overall
Underweight (BMI ≤ 18.5)
Normal (BMI 18.6–23)
Overweight (BMI ≥ 23)
n
301
63
130
108
Fasting OGTT (mg/dl)†
84.54 ± 11.57
82.30 ± 10.54
84.41 ± 12.54
86.00 ± 10.79
2-hour post OGTT (mg/dl)†♦
113.14 ± 28.03
105.29 ± 24.14
108.90 ± 24.16
122.72 ± 31.72
Cholesterol (mg/dl)†♦
165.06 ± 35.03
153.25 ± 32.37
164.16 ± 35.42
173.04 ± 34.80
Triglycerides (mg/dl)†♦
74.03 ± 32.27
60.68 ± 21.86
71.51 ± 29.02
84.87 ± 37.38
HDL (mg/dl)
46.07 ± 12.04
43.73 ± 10.07
48.04 ± 14.25
45.07 ± 9.69
LDL (mg/dl)†♦
96.05 ± 29.73
91.58 ± 30.10
93.64 ± 27.48
101.57 ± 29.27
Serum insulin (μIU/ml)†
9.06 ± 5.46
7.61 ± 4.05
9.10 ± 5.57
9.87 ± 5.89
HOMA-IR†
1.91 ± 1.23
1.55 ± 0.89
1.91 ± 1.28
2.12 ± 1.29
Vitamin B12 (pg/ml)
249.88 ± 188.86
280.52 ± 200.14
249.49 ± 199.12
232.48 ± 167.74
Deficiency (<190 pg/ml)
126 (41.9%)
23 (36.5%)
55 (42.3%)
48 (44.4%)
Serum ferritin (ng/ml)
15.00 ± 20.53
11.84 ± 15.24
14.51 ± 21.49
17.45 ± 21.88
Deficiency (<11 ng/ml)
165 (54.8%)
43 (68.3%)
76 (58.5%)
46 (42.6%)
Serum folate (ng/ml)
4.98 ± 4.50
5.52 ± 5.21
4.80 ± 4.46
4.87 ± 4.11
Deficiency (<2 ng/ml)
20 (6.6%)
4 (6.3%)
6 (4.6%)
10 (9.3%)
Vitamin D (ng/ml)
16.35 ± 12.91
17.48 ± 12.27
15.30 ± 11.76
16.97 ± 14.53
Deficiency (<30 ng/ml)
266 (88.4%)
55 (87.3%)
117 (90.0%)
94 (87.0%)
RBC folate (ng/ml)
164.97 ± 253.62
152.89 ± 218.9
192.09 ± 302.68
139.36 ± 201.21
Deficiency (<140 ng/ml)
216 (71.8%)
46 (73.0%)
89 (68.5%)
81 (75.0%)
Data presented as the mean ± SD or n (%); value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant; significance difference b/w underweight and normal weight; †significance difference b/w underweight and overweight; ♦significance difference b/w normal weight and overweight.
