|
| Medications and adverse events | Observed adverse event (>5% of patients)
(>5% of patients) | Serious adverse event |
|
| 5-ALA | (i) Common cold symptoms
(ii) Menstrual pain
(iii) Diarrhea
(iv) Headache [12] | None |
|
| Metformin | (i) Diarrhea
(ii) Nausea
(iii) Abdominal discomfort
(iv) Metallic taste
(v) Vitamin b12 deficiency | Lactic acidosis in patients lowered eGFR (contraindicated if <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2) [21, 47] |
|
| DPP4 | (i) Dizziness
(ii) Headache
(iii) Nasopharyngitis
(iv) URTI | (i) Severe arthralgia
(ii) Acute pancreatitis
(iii) Hepatic dysfunction
(iv) Serious skin reactions [21, 24] |
|
| Sulfonylureas | (i) Weight gain
(ii) Dizziness
(iii) Headaches
(iv) Sulfonamide allergies | (i) Higher mortality after myocardial infarctions
(ii) Hypoglycemia [48, 49] |
|
| Meglitinides | Weight gain | Hypoglycemia (possibly less than sulfonylureas) [50] |
|
| TZDs | (i) Weight gain
(ii) Edema
(iii) Macular edema
(iv) Raised LDL (rosiglitazone)
(v) Decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin when combined with other antihyperglycemic | (i) Bladder cancer (pioglitazone)
(ii) Higher rate of myocardial infarctions (rosiglitazone)
(iii) Heart failure
(iv) Fractures
(v) Hypoglycemia [21, 51–53] |
|
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | (i) Bloating, flatulence
(ii) Diarrhea | (i) Deranged LFTs (acarbose) [21] |
|
| SGLT2 inhibitors | (i) Vulvogavinal candidiasis
(ii) Urinary tract infections
(iii) Hypotension
(iv) Dehydration | (i) Fatal urosepsis
(ii) Pyelonephritis
(iii) Bone fracture (canagliflozin)
(iv) Diabetic ketoacidosis [21, 49] |
|
| Lipase inhibitors | (i) Abdominal pain
(ii) Fecal urgency
(iii) Steatorrhea
(iv) Vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K)
(v) Drug interactions
(vi) Flu symptoms | (i) Acute kidney injury
(ii) Oxalate nephropathy [5, 31, 54] |
|
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | (i) Nausea, vomiting
(ii) Diarrhea | (i) Pancreatitis
(ii) Gallbladder disease
(iii) Renal injury [28, 53, 55] |
|
