Vitamin D₃ Activates Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B via Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 to Improve Testicular Function in Diabetic Rats

Figure 1

(a) Histopathological changes in testicular tissue under a light microscope (stained with hematoxylin and eosin dye, ×100, ×400). (b) Histopathological changes in testicular tissue under a transmission electron microscope (×6000, ×12000). Histological assessment under a light microscope showed that testicular tissues from the DM group exhibited extensive, loose interstitial cells and visible interstitial atrophy. The testicular tissue sections of the HD and LD groups exhibited slightly more active, spermatogenic cells that were arranged more closely, and a more significant number of interstitial cells. The histological properties of the CG group were superior to those of the above three groups. Based on transmission electron microscopy, the organelles of the testis tissue exhibited atrophy; the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other organelles exhibited vacuoles; and the mitochondrial ridge was widened and dissolved. These changes were not observed in the interstitial cells in the CG group. The histological properties in the HD and LD groups showed altered expressions levels between the CG and DM groups. The level measured in the inhibitor group was slightly lower than that in the HD group.

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