Research Article
The 7-Year Change in the Prevalence of Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Their Determinants in an Urban South African Population
Table 1
Characteristics of participants in 2008/09 and 2014/16.
| | Characteristics | 2008/09 () | 2014/16 () | value | ()
Median (25th; 75th percentiles) | ()
Median (25th; 75th percentiles) | |
| | Gender | | | 0.114 | | Women, (%) | 620 (77.8) | 1278 (74.9) | | | Men, (%) | 177 (22.2) | 428 (25.1) | | | Age, year | | | <0.001 | | Level of education | | | | | Education , (%) | 271 (34.2) | 559 (33.0) | 0.553 | | Education , (%) | 522 (65.8) | 1136 (67) | 0.553 | | Alcohol use | | | | | Current drinker, (%) | 563 (71.4) | 1213 (71.5) | 0.958 | | Nondrinker, (%) | 225 (28.6) | 483 (28.5) | 0.958 | | Cotinine (ng/mL) | 10 (9; 311) | 48.2 (10; 268) | <0.001 | | Tobacco use | | | | | Nonsmoker, (%) | 447 (56.2) | 779 (47.1) | <0.001 | | Smoker, (%) | 348 (43.8) | 874 (52.9) | <0.001 | | Anthropometry | | | | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | | | 0.013 | | BMI status | | | | | Normal (18.5 kg/m2 to 25 kg/m2), (%) | 218 (27.7) | 603 (35.8) | <0.001 | | Overweight (25 kg/m2 to 29.9 kg/m2), (%) | 218 (27.7) | 385 (22.9) | 0.009 | | Obese (≥30 kg/m2), (%) | 352 (44.7) | 696 (41.3) | 0.109 | | Waist circumference (cm) | | | <0.001 | | Hip circumference (cm) | | | <0.001 | | Waist-to-hip ratio | | | 0.504 | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | | | <0.001 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | | | <0.001 | | Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.6 (5.0;6.5) | 5.0 (4.6;5.6) | <0.001 | | 2 hr glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 (5.7;8.7) | 6.1 (4.9; 7.6) | <0.001 | | HBA1c (mmol/mol) | | | <0.001 | | HBA1c (%) | | | <0.001 | | Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 6.6 (2.7; 12.5) | 6.6 (4.2; 10.4) | 0.414 | | 2 hr insulin (mIU/L) | 38.1 (19.5; 72.2) | 38.8 (20.7; 71.9) | 0.829 | | Normoglycemia, (%) | 474 (59.7) | 1278 (75.3) | <0.001 | | Pre-diabetes, (%) | 184 (23.2) | 296 (17.4) | <0.001 | | Screened-detected diabetes, (%) | 136 (17.1) | 124 (7.3) | <0.001 | | HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.0; 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1; 1.5) | <0.001 | | LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.6 (3.0; 4.3) | 3.1 (2.5; 3.7) | <0.001 | | Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9; 1.7) | 1.5 (0.8; 1.7) | 0.620 | | Ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.6 (0.9; 9.4) | 3.9 (1.5; 8.6) | 0.228 | | Gamma-glutamyl transferase (IU/L) | 27 (19; 42) | 28 (20; 45) | 0.011 | | HOMA-IR | 1.6 (0.6; 3.1) | 1.4 (0.9; 2.4) | 0.859 | | QUICKI | 0.6 (0.5; 0.9) | 0.7 (0.6; 0.8) | 0.124 | | McAuley index | 7.9 (6.1; 10.7) | 7.9 (6.4; 9.4) | 0.050 | | Matsuda index | 7.9 (4.0; 17.8) | 8.4 (4.8; 15.3) | 0.685 |
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; screen-detected diabetes: newly diagnosed diabetics; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. |
