The 7-Year Change in the Prevalence of Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Their Determinants in an Urban South African Population

Table 3

Year of study-, gender-, age-, and smoking-adjusted linear regression models for determinants of insulin resistance in all participants.

	Model 1: log insulin fasting				Model 2: log HOMA-IR				Model 3: log QUICKI index				Model 4: log McAuley index				Model 5: log Matsuda index
	B	95% confidence interval		value	B	95% confidence interval		value	B	95% confidence interval		value	B	95% confidence interval		value	B	95% confidence interval		value
		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Year of study (2014/16)	0.16	0.13	0.20	<0.001	0.06	0.03	0.10	<0.001	-0.39	-0.51	-0.26	<0.001	-0.05	-0.06	-0.04	<0.001	-0.09	-0.12	-0.06	<0.001
Gender (men)	-0.15	-0.19	-0.11	<0.001	-0.15	-0.18	-0.11	<0.001	0.18	0.04	0.32	0.012	0.04	0.03	0.05	<0.001	0.21	0.18	0.25	<0.001
Age	0.43	0.30	0.55	<0.001	0.40	0.28	0.51	<0.001	-0.39	-0.85	-0.05	0.085	-0.12	-0.16	-0.08	<0.001	-0.21	-0.33	-0.10	<0.001
Current smokers	-0.08	-0.12	-0.05	<0.001	-0.08	-0.11	-0.05	<0.001	0.09	-0.02	0.21	0.122	0.02	0.01	0.03	<0.001	0.12	0.09	0.15	<0.001
Education (<7 years)	-0.05	-0.09	-0.02	0.002	-0.04	-0.08	-0.01	0.007	0.01	-0.11	0.13	0.829	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.002	0.04	0.01	0.07	0.012
Current drinkers	-0.06	-0.10	-0.02	0.003	-0.05	-0.08	-0.01	0.007	0.03	-0.11	0.16	0.707	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.003	0.05	0.01	0.08	0.006
Waist circumference	0.85	0.65	1.04	<0.001	0.87	0.68	1.05	<0.001	-0.82	-1.50	-0.15	0.017	-0.24	-0.29	-0.18	<0.001	-0.87	-1.05	-0.70	<0.001
Hip circumference	-0.15	-0.34	0.05	0.142	-0.15	-0.33	0.03	0.107	0.58	-0.10	1.27	0.094	0.04	-0.01	0.09	0.142	0.22	0.05	0.40	0.014
Systolic blood pressure	0.01	-0.07	0.09	0.792	0.03	-0.04	0.10	0.369	0.00	-0.26	0.27	0.993	0.00	-0.02	0.02	0.792	-0.05	-0.12	0.02	0.142
HbA1c	2.95	0.92	5.02	0.004	8.67	6.66	10.72	<0.001	-9.78	-15.87	-3.25	0.004	-0.81	-1.36	-0.26	0.004	-8.19	-9.92	-6.41	<0.001
HDL-C	-0.28	-0.51	-0.05	0.018	-0.29	-0.50	-0.07	0.010	0.06	-0.75	0.87	0.877	0.08	0.01	0.14	0.018	0.35	0.13	0.56	0.001
LDL-C	0.29	-0.10	0.68	0.150	0.26	-0.11	0.62	0.172	-0.46	-1.84	0.91	0.509	-0.08	-0.19	0.03	0.150	-0.27	-0.62	0.09	0.148
Triglycerides	0.31	0.19	0.43	<0.001	0.31	0.20	0.42	<0.001	-0.20	-0.62	0.22	0.342	-0.40	-0.43	-0.36	<0.001	-0.34	-0.45	-0.23	<0.001
usCRP	-0.02	-0.05	0.02	0.323	-0.01	-0.04	0.02	0.505	0.07	-0.03	0.18	0.177	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.323	0.00	-0.03	0.03	0.945
Gamma GT	0.10	0.04	0.15	<0.001	0.13	0.07	0.18	<0.001	-0.16	-0.36	0.03	0.098	-0.03	-0.04	-0.01	<0.001	-0.13	-0.19	-0.08	<0.001

Log transformed; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; usCRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; gamma GT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.