The 7-Year Change in the Prevalence of Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Their Determinants in an Urban South African Population

Table 4

Age-, sex-, and year of study-adjusted odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for the determinants of insulin resistance in all participants.

	Model 1: insulin fasting				Model 2: HOMA-IR				Model 3: QUICKI index				Model 4: McAuley index				Model 5: Matsuda index
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value
		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Year of study
2008/09	1				1				1				1				1
2014/16	0.57	0.46	0.71	<0.001	0.51	0.41	0.64	<0.001	0.45	0.36	0.57	<0.001	0.78	0.63	0.97	0.025	0.67	0.54	0.84	<0.001
Gender
Women	1				1				1				1				1
Men	0.58	0.43	0.77	<0.001	0.67	0.50	0.89	0.006	0.72	0.54	0.97	0.031	0.83	0.64	1.06	0.137	0.53	0.4	0.71	<0.001
Age	0.99	0.98	1.00	0.002	0.99	0.99	1.00	0.106	0.99	0.98	1.00	0.031	1.00	1.00	1.01	0.538	1.00	0.99	1.01	0.548
Tobacco use
Nonsmoker	1				1				1				1				1
Smoker	0.66	0.52	0.83	<0.001	0.64	0.50	0.80	<0.001	0.72	0.57	0.92	0.009	0.69	0.56	0.86	0.001	0.50	0.39	0.63	<0.001
Level of education
<7 years	1				1				1				1				1
≥7 years	1.26	0.99	1.61	0.063	1.14	0.89	1.45	0.310	1.13	0.88	1.46	0.349	1.09	0.87	1.37	0.461	1.21	0.95	1.54	0.115
Alcohol use
Nondrinker	1				1				1				1				1
Current drinker	0.66	0.5	0.88	0.004	0.7	0.52	0.92	0.011	0.66	0.49	0.88	0.005	0.74	0.57	0.95	0.02	0.62	0.47	0.83	0.001
BMI status
Normal	1				1				1				1				1
Overweight	1.18	0.88	1.56	0.518	1.07	0.80	1.44	0.778	1.19	0.88	1.60	0.538	1.08	0.82	1.42	0.501	1.15	0.86	1.54	0.563
Obese	1.11	0.86	1.43	0.518	1.1	0.85	1.41	0.778	1.08	0.83	1.41	0.538	1.15	0.91	1.46	0.501	1.12	0.87	1.44	0.563
usCRP
No	1				1				1				1				1
Yes	2.28	1.81	2.88	<0.001	2.39	1.88	3.04	<0.001	2.16	1.69	2.77	<0.001	2.05	1.65	2.55	<0.001	2.38	1.89	3.01	<0.001
Gamma GT
No	1				1				1				1				1
Yes	1.75	1.4	2.19	<0.001	1.93	1.54	2.43	<0.001	2.08	1.65	2.64	<0.001	2.33	1.89	2.88	<0.001	2.23	1.78	2.79	<0.001

HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; usCRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; gamma GT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.