The 7-Year Change in the Prevalence of Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Their Determinants in an Urban South African Population

Table 6

Age-, sex-, and year of study-adjusted ORs (with 95% CIs) for the determinants of inflammation in all participants.

	Model 1: usCRP				Model 2: gamma GT
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval		value
		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Year of study
2008/09	1				1
2014/16	1.23	1.02	1.49	0.029	1.32	1.07	1.61	0.008
Gender
Female	1				1
Male	0.64	0.52	0.78	<0.001	1.30	1.05	1.61	0.016
Age	1.01	1.00	1.01	0.021	1.00	1.00	1.01	0.239
Tobacco use
Nonsmoker	1				1
Smoker	1.03	0.86	1.24	0.722	1.26	1.03	1.53	0.024
Level of education
<7 years	1				1
≥7 years	0.83	0.68	1.01	0.056	0.76	0.62	0.94	0.011
Alcohol use
Nondrinker	1				1
Current drinker	0.82	0.67	1.01	0.062	2.47	1.99	3.06	<0.001
BMI status
Normal	1				1
Overweight	0.86	0.68	1.07	0.064	0.87	0.68	1.11	0.315
Obese	1.11	0.91	1.35	0.064	0.86	0.69	1.06	0.315
Insulin fasting
No	1				1
Yes	1.19	0.76	1.86	0.452	0.63	0.39	1.01	0.055
HOMA-IR
No	1				1
Yes	1.53	0.79	2.99	0.210	0.82	0.43	1.57	0.551
QUICKI index
No	1				1
Yes	0.71	0.40	1.28	0.258	1.58	0.90	2.74	0.101
McAuley index
No	1				1
Yes	1.40	1.05	1.87	0.022	2.12	1.59	2.84	<0.001
Matsuda index
No	1				1
Yes	1.76	1.25	2.47	0.001	1.78	1.27	2.50	0.001

HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; usCRP: ultrasensitive C-reactive protein; gamma GT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.