Combination of Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 and Heart Rate Variability for Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of the study population.
Variable
Overall ()
Non-CAN ()
CAN ()
value
Female, (%)
37(35.9)
18(30.0)
19(44.2)
0.139
Age (years)
<0.001
Duration of diabetes (years)
8(3, 15)
5(2, 10)
15(6, 18)
<0.001
Smoking history, (%)
24(23.3)
12(20.0)
12(27.9)
0.349
Drinking history, (%)
23(22.3)
15(25.0)
8(18.6)
0.442
Hypertension, (%)
49(47.6)
31(51.7)
18(41.9)
0.326
Family history of diabetes, (%)
45(43.7)
27(45.0)
18(41.9)
0.751
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.947
Waist-hip ratio
0.556
Resting heart rate (bpm)
0.013
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic BP
0.508
Diastolic BP
0.404
Microvascular complications, (%)
DSPN
67(65.0)
32(53.3)
35(81.4)
0.003
Diabetic nephropathy
43(41.7)
19(31.7)
24(55.8)
0.014
Diabetic retinopathy
31(30.1)
9(15.0)
22(51.2)
<0.001
Laboratory variables
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)
0.764
HbA1c (%)
9.6 ± 2.9
9.7 ± 2.5
0.864
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
0.579
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
0.095
LDL-c (mmol/L)
0.425
HDL-c (mmol/L)
0.644
UACR (mg/g)
18.0(7.8, 81.9)
13.4(6.7, 54.7)
44.5(10.4, 152.4)
0.006
Data are , median (IQR), or (%). CAN: cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; BP: blood pressure; DSPN: distal symmetric polyneuropathy; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. (non-CAN group vs. CAN group); (non-CAN group vs. CAN group); (non-CAN group vs. CAN group).
