Females with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Are Prone to Diabetic Retinopathy: A Twelve-Province Cross-Sectional Study in China

Table 4

Subgroup logistic regression analysis assessing the relationships of gender with diabetic retinopathy.

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value
Stratified by hypertension
Male	1	—	—	1	—	—
Female
Without hypertension	1.143	1.028-1.127	0.014	1.094	0.980-1.222	0.109
With hypertension	1.096	0.982-1.223	0.102	1.091	0.974-1.222	0.131
Stratified by duration of diabetes
Male	1	—	—	1	—	—
Female
<10 years	1.090	0.987-1.203	0.090	1.057	0.955-1.170	0.284
≥10 years	1.069	0.944-1.211	0.291	1.150	1.012-1.306	0.032
Stratified by age
Male	1	—	—	1	—	—
Female
<60 years old	1.057	0.936-1.195	0.373	0.986	0.867-1.122	0.830
≥60 years old	1.122	1.017-1.238	0.022	1.141	1.031-1.262	0.010
Stratified by regional economic level
Male	1	—	—	1	—	—
Female
T1 (31,336.13-67,627.83)	1.051	0.935-1.182	0.403	1.054	0.934-1.188	0.396
T2 (67,627.83-103,919.54)	1.135	1.017-1.267	0.024	1.123	1.001-1.259	0.048
T3 (103,919.54-140,211.24)	1.040	0.814-1.329	0.754	1.148	0.889-1.481	0.290

Results are given as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR; 95% CI). The subjects were divided into nondiabetic retinopathy (DR) and DR. Gender was analyzed in the univariate logistic regression analysis in T2DM participants stratified by hypertension, duration of diabetes, age, and regional economic level, using male as the reference group. Then, a multivariate logistic regression analysis in T2DM participants stratified by hypertension was adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, and regional economic level; a multivariate logistic regression analysis in T2DM participants stratified by duration of diabetes was adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, hypertension, and regional economic level; a multivariate logistic regression analysis in T2DM participants stratified by age was adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, hypertension, and regional economic level. A multivariate logistic regression analysis in T2DM participants stratified by the regional economic level was adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, and hypertension.