Metformin Treatment Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of metformin users and nonusers with diabetes mellitus.
Prepropensity
Postpropensity
Total ()
Metformin user ()
Metformin nonuser ()
value
Total ()
Metformin user ()
Metformin nonuser ()
value
%
%
%
%
%
%
Age (years)
<45
5,989
20.21
5,263
21.38
726
14.44
<0.0001
1,449
14.43
723
14.40
726
14.46
0.9977
45–54
9,164
30.92
7,937
32.25
1,227
24.41
2,461
24.50
1,234
24.57
1,227
24.43
55–64
7,509
25.34
6,313
25.65
1,196
23.79
2,386
23.76
1,190
23.70
1,196
23.82
≥65
6,976
23.54
5,098
20.71
1,878
37.36
3,748
37.32
1,875
37.34
1,873
37.30
Gender
Female
13,363
45.09
11,113
45.15
2,250
44.76
0.6068
4,501
44.81
2,251
44.82
2,250
44.80
0.9840
Male
16,275
54.91
13,498
54.85
2,777
55.24
5,543
55.19
2,771
55.18
2,772
55.20
Comorbidity
Hypertension
11,809
39.84
9,460
38.44
2,349
46.73
<0.0001
4,699
46.78
2,355
46.89
2,344
46.67
0.8259
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)
14,398
48.58
11,530
46.85
2,868
57.05
<0.0001
5,744
57.19
2,881
57.37
2,863
57.01
0.7166
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN)
17
0.06
11
0.04
6
0.12
0.0439
9
0.09
4
0.08
5
0.10
0.7388
Diabetic nephropathy (DN)
76
0.26
57
0.23
19
0.38
0.0615
27
0.27
10
0.20
17
0.34
0.1773
Dyslipidemia
3,439
11.60
2,805
11.40
634
12.61
0.0143
1,265
12.59
631
12.56
634
12.62
0.9281
Medication
Antihypertensive drugs
19,197
64.77
15,557
63.21
3,640
72.41
<0.0001
7,287
72.55
3,652
72.72
3,635
72.38
0.7039
Antihyperlipidemic drugs
10,113
34.12
8,293
33.70
1,820
36.20
0.0006
3,649
36.33
1,829
36.42
1,820
36.24
0.8519
aDCSI scores
0
20,316
68.55
17,365
70.56
2,951
58.70
<0.0001
5,908
58.82
2,957
58.88
2,951
58.76
0.9916
1
4,528
15.28
3,694
15.01
834
16.59
1,665
16.58
832
16.57
833
16.59
≥2
4,794
16.18
3,552
14.43
1,242
24.71
2,471
24.60
1,233
24.55
1,238
24.65
DM duration (years)
0
21,639
73.01
18,148
73.74
3,491
69.44
<0.0001
6,979
69.48
3,488
69.45
3,491
69.51
0.9908
<4
5,890
19.87
4,830
19.63
1,060
21.09
2,113
21.04
1,056
21.03
1,057
21.05
≥4 years
2,109
7.12
1,633
6.64
476
9.47
952
9.48
478
9.52
474
9.44
Between DM diagnosis and antidiabetic drug prescription. aDCSI scores: adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index scores; DM: diabetes mellitus.
