Gremlin in the Vitreous of Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and the Downregulation of Gremlin in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Figure 3

High glucose levels induced the expression of fibronectin and collagen IV in RPE cells. Before measuring the expression of fibronectin and collagen IV, the cells were exposed to normal glucose (5.5 mM) and high glucose (15 mM or 30 mM) for 24 h. A real-time PCR and an ELISA kit analysis illustrated that the (a, b) mRNA and (c, d) protein levels of fibronectin and collagen IV were upregulated in response to high glucose compared with normal glucose. The data shown represent the (SD) of three independent experiments. versus 5.5 mM; versus 5.5 mM.

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