Gremlin in the Vitreous of Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and the Downregulation of Gremlin in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Figure 4

High glucose induced the expression of gremlin in RPE cells. The cells were exposed to normal glucose (5.5 mM) and high glucose (15 mM or 30 mM) for 24 h. A real-time PCR and a western blot analysis illustrated that the (a) mRNA and (b) protein levels of gremlin were upregulated in response to high glucose compared with normal glucose. The data shown represent the of three independent experiments. versus 5.5 mM; versus 5.5 mM.

(a)

(b)