Neonatal Hypoglycemia Related to Glycine Levels in Uncontrolled Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during Mid-Late Pregnancy: Multicenter, Prospective Case-Cohort Observational Study
Table 3
Blood tests on pregnant women and neonates.
All groups
GDM
Control
HbA1c (24-28 weeks, %)
<0.001
HbA1c (28-32 weeks, %)
<0.001
HbA1c (32-36 weeks, %)
<0.001
HbA1c (average before delivery, %)
<0.001
Cord blood test (μM)
Ala
214.16 (160.26, 301.23)
212.91 (160.3, 301.55)
214.33 (160.23, 301.01)
0.824
Arg
2.06 (1.34, 3.5)
2 (1.38, 3.58)
2.07 (1.33, 3.47)
0.356
Asp
27.95 (19.38, 38.45)
28.1 (19.51, 39.22)
27.92 (19.36, 38.33)
0.717
Cit
9.04 (7.35, 11.12)
9.05 (7.3, 11.06)
9.04 (7.35, 11.13)
0.962
Gln
2.52 (1.39, 7.67)
2.55 (1.41, 7.52)
2.51 (1.38, 7.69)
0.828
Glu
30.31 (2.29, 392.88)
42.51 (2.25, 405.86)
29.5 (2.3, 387.7)
0.669
His
376.68 (218.92, 536.89)
379.85 (218.63, 535.29)
376.19 (218.92, 537.25)
0.816
Leu
314.34 (125.43, 456.15)
301.37 (112.69, 456.96)
316.4 (128.63, 456.02)
0.056
Met
28.43 (19.95, 39.82)
27.87 (19.38, 39.51)
28.5 (20.05, 39.9)
0.463
Orn
87.64 (61.97, 111.26)
85.71 (60.1, 110.02)
87.92 (62.61, 111.36)
0.184
Phe
27.07 (21.12, 40.02)
27.66 (21.29, 43.02)
26.99 (21.08, 39.43)
0.142
Ser
61.43 (45.07, 87.31)
63.63 (46.22, 89.01)
61.03 (44.85, 86.95)
0.054
Thr
49 (31.95, 67.83)
48.9 (32.25, 66.37)
49.01 (31.92, 68.14)
0.926
Trp
85.6 (62.89, 109.61)
84.87 (62.39, 110.19)
85.66 (63.05, 109.47)
0.560
Tyr
48.23 (34.32, 61.86)
48.81 (34.03, 62.44)
48.11 (34.38, 61.74)
0.343
Val
56.06 (42.67, 71.32)
56.79 (43.14, 71.62)
55.79 (42.61, 71.23)
0.157
Free carnitine
54.75 (38.34, 71.5)
54.84 (38.07, 73.18)
54.72 (38.42, 71.22)
0.962
Acetylcarnitine
30.7 (20.81, 40.73)
29.96 (19.94, 40.09)
30.88 (20.99, 40.89)
0.147
Propionylcarnitine
4.22 (1.82, 19.04)
4.22 (1.9, 18.43)
4.22 (1.81, 19.15)
0.986
Malonylcarnitine
0.05 (0.04, 0.13)
0.05 (0.04, 0.13)
0.05 (0.04, 0.13)
0.975
Butylcarnitine
0.13 (0.09, 0.18)
0.13 (0.09, 0.18)
0.13 (0.09, 0.18)
0.661
Succinylcarnitine
0.19 (0.14, 0.26)
0.19 (0.15, 0.26)
0.19 (0.14, 0.26)
0.847
3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-carnitine
0.1 (0.07, 0.16)
0.11 (0.07, 0.16)
0.1 (0.07, 0.15)
0.606
Senecioylcarnitine
0.03 (0.02, 0.03)
0.03 (0.02, 0.03)
0.03 (0.02, 0.03)
0.448
Glutarylcarnitine
0.03 (0.02, 0.05)
0.03 (0.02, 0.05)
0.03 (0.02, 0.05)
0.596
3-Hydroxyisovaleryl-carnitine
0.14 (0.11, 0.17)
0.13 (0.11, 0.17)
0.14 (0.11, 0.17)
0.849
Caproylcarnitine
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.964
Hexenoylcarnitine
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.059
Adipoylcarnitine
0.03 (0.02, 0.04)
0.03 (0.02, 0.04)
0.03 (0.02, 0.04)
0.341
Decoylcarnitine
0.04 (0.02, 0.06)
0.04 (0.02, 0.06)
0.04 (0.02, 0.06)
0.363
Octanedioylcarnitine
0.02 (0.01, 0.02)
0.02 (0.01, 0.02)
0.02 (0.01, 0.02)
0.421
Decanoylcarnitine
0.04 (0.02, 0.07)
0.04 (0.02, 0.07)
0.04 (0.02, 0.07)
0.579
Alkaloidcarnitine
0.04 (0.02, 0.06)
0.04 (0.02, 0.06)
0.04 (0.02, 0.06)
0.102
Lauroylcarnitine
0.06 (0.04, 0.09)
0.06 (0.04, 0.1)
0.06 (0.04, 0.09)
0.199
Myrcenecarnitine
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.410
Myristoylcarnitine
0.14 (0.11, 0.19)
0.15 (0.11, 0.19)
0.14 (0.11, 0.19)
0.591
Alkenyl-myristoyl-carnitine
0.05 (0.03, 0.08)
0.05 (0.03, 0.08)
0.05 (0.03, 0.08)
0.226
3-Hydroxy-myristoyl-carnitine
0.01 (0.01, 0.02)
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.01 (0.01, 0.02)
0.282
Palmitoyl-enoyl-carnitine
0.09 (0.05, 0.13)
0.09 (0.05, 0.13)
0.09 (0.05, 0.13)
0.877
3-Hydroxy-palmitoyl-carnitine
0.01 (0.01, 0.02)
0.01 (0.01, 0.02)
0.01 (0.01, 0.02)
0.428
3-Hydroxy-octadecanoyl-carnitine
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
0.756
Data given as the in maternal glucose profiles and as the median (25th, 75th) in others. GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin; Ala: alanine; Arg: arginine; Asp: aspartic acid; Cit: citrulline; Gln: glutamine; Glu: glutamic acid; His: histidine; Leu: leucine; Met: methionine; Orn: ornithine; Phe: phenylalanine; Ser: serine; Thr: threonine; Trp: tryptophan; Tyr: tyrosine; Val: valine.
