Risk of Death and Heart Failure among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated by Metformin and Nonmetformin Monotherapy: A Real-World Study

Table 2

Cumulative incidence rates of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, heart failure, and heart failure hospitalization in the metformin and nonmetformin monotherapy groups after PSM.

Outcomes, % (95% CI)	Metformin monotherapy ()	Nonmetformin monotherapy ()
All-cause death
1-year incidence	0.87 (0.59, 1.16)	1.85 (1.44, 2.27)
3-year incidence	3.38 (2.56, 4.19)	5.13 (4.25, 6.01)
5-year incidence	7.29 (5.34, 9.20)	11.91 (9.79, 13.99)
Cardiovascular death
1-year incidence	0.43 (0.23, 0.64)	0.47 (0.26, 0.68)
3-year incidence	1.36 (0.84, 1.87)	1.81 (1.26, 2.37)
5-year incidence	3.19 (1.76, 4.60)	4.97 (3.49, 6.43)
Heart failure
1-year incidence	3.57 (3.02, 4.12)	5.33 (4.68, 5.97)
3-year incidence	6.10 (5.20, 6.98)	8.53 (7.53, 9.52)
5-year incidence	7.55 (6.23, 8.84)	11.61 (9.94, 13.25)
Heart failure hospitalization
1-year incidence	0.70 (0.45, 0.96)	1.07 (0.77, 1.36)
3-year incidence	1.07 (0.71, 1.43)	1.50 (1.10, 1.90)
5-year incidence	1.77 (0.91, 2.63)	1.89 (1.29, 2.50)

Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; PSM: propensity score matching.