Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Comparative Study between Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with COVID-19, by diabetes status.
Variable
Total
Diabetes
Nondiabetes
value
Age (yrs)
65.7 (±12.5)
66.4 (±12.5)
65.0 (±12.5)
0.33
Sex
Male
142 (55.9)
71 (55.9)
71 (55.9)
0.55
Female
112 (44.1)
56 (44.1)
56 (44.1)
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
18 (17-20)
18 (18-20)
18 (16-20)
0.02
Pulse rate (bpm)
88 (±15)
88 (±15)
88 (±15)
0.85
Oxygen saturation (%)
91 (87-94)
90 (85-92)
93 (90-95)
<0.001
SBP (mm/Hg)
120 (±17)
121 (±18)
119 (±15)
0.41
DBP (mm/Hg)
77 (±10)
78 (±10)
76 (±10)
0.44
Body mass index (kg/m2)
26.1 (24.0-29.2)
26.7 (25.0-30.8)
25.7 (23.4-27.6)
0.001
Positive RT-PCR assay
194 (76.4)
103 (81.1)
91 (71.7)
0.19
HbA1c (%)
8.6 (7.5-10.5)
≤7
—
25 (20.7)
—
—
>7
—
96 (79.3)
—
—
Duration of diabetes
New-onset
—
10 (7.9)
—
—
<5 years
—
23 (18.1)
—
—
5-10 years
—
38 (29.9)
—
—
10-15 years
—
24 (18.9)
—
—
>15 years
—
32 (25.2)
—
—
Presenting symptoms
Cough
163 (64.6)
89 (70.1)
74 (58.3)
0.04
Productive
34 (20.2)
16 (18.0)
18 (24.3)
0.34
Nonproductive
129 (79.8)
73 (82.0)
56 (75.7)
Chills
62 (24.4)
33 (26.0)
29 (22.8)
0.33
Fever
109 (42.9)
53 (41.7)
56 (44.1)
0.40
Dyspnea
152 (59.8)
83 (65.4)
69 (54.3)
0.05
Chest pain
29 (11.4)
14 (11.0)
15 (11.8)
0.51
Fatigue
92 (36.2)
49 (38.6)
43 (33.9)
0.26
Nausea/vomiting
44 (17.3)
26 (20.5)
18 (14.2)
0.12
Abdominal pain
16 (6.3)
7 (5.5)
9 (7.1)
0.40
Diarrhea
16 (6.3)
11 (8.7)
5 (3.9)
0.10
Anorexia
43 (16.9)
21 (16.5)
22 (17.3)
0.50
Headache
20 (7.9)
10 (7.9)
10 (7.9)
0.59
Loss of consciousness
16 (6.3)
11 (8.7)
5 (3.9)
0.10
Seizure
5 (2.0)
4 (3.1)
1 (0.8)
0.19
Myalgia
74 (29.1)
36 (28.3)
38 (29.9)
0.45
Comorbidities
Smoking
Current smoker
9 (3.5)
6 (4.7)
3 (2.4)
0.55
Ex-smoker
5 (2.0)
2 (1.6)
3 (2.4)
Nonsmoker
240 (94.5)
119 (93.7)
121 (95.3)
COPD
7 (2.8)
4 (3.1)
3 (2.4)
0.50
Hypertension
109 (42.9)
68 (53.5)
41 (32.3)
<0.001
Cerebrovascular disease
21 (8.3)
16 (12.6)
5 (3.9)
0.01
Malignancy
11 (4.3)
4 (3.1)
7 (5.5)
0.27
Immunodeficiency
5 (2.0)
4 (3.1)
1 (0.8)
0.19
Chronic kidney disease
21 (8.3)
16 (12.6)
5 (3.9)
0.01
Cardiovascular disease
64 (25.2)
39 (30.7)
25 (19.7)
0.03
Thyroid disease
12 (4.7)
6 (4.7)
6 (4.7)
0.62
Outcomes
CT severity score
10 (7-14)
11 (8-14)
10 (7-13)
0.02
Clinical outcome
Death
48 (18.9)
29 (22.8)
19 (15.0)
0.11
Recovery
206 (81.1)
98 (77.2)
108 (85.0)
Invasive mechanical ventilation
Yes
27 (10.6)
19 (15.0)
8 (6.3)
0.03
No
227 (89.4)
108 (85.0)
119 (93.7)
Septic shock
21 (8.3)
13 (10.2)
8 (6.3)
0.18
Multiple organ failure
25 (9.8)
15 (11.8)
10 (7.9)
0.20
Length of hospitalization (days)
6 (3-10)
7 (5-12)
5 (2-9)
<0.001
Laboratory data
Leukocyte (×103/μL)
6.1 (±3.3)
6.8 (±4.6)
6.4 (±7.6)
0.07
Lymphocyte (/μL)
1204 (818-1797)
1209 (790-1795)
1194 (876-1846)
0.98
≤1500
161 (63.4)
80 (63.0)
81 (63.8)
0.96
Neutrophil (/μL)
4417 (3289-7127)
4624 (3704-7544)
4137 (2912-6192)
0.04
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
12.5 (±2.0)
12.3 (±2.0)
12.7 (±2.0)
0.05
Platelet (×103/μL)
200 (±86)
208 (±92)
191 (±80)
0.13
ESR (mm/h)
47.9 (±26.1)
47.9 (±27.7)
47.9 (±24.5)
0.90
LDH (U/L)
483 (±552)
335 (±259)
427 (±382)
0.17
CRP (mg/L)
53.0 (±45.3)
64.5 (±61.9)
54.6 (±65.1)
0.66
D-dimer (ng/mL)
564 (±191)
514 (±1673)
576 (±1565)
0.85
Procalcitonin, ng/mL
0.23 (±0.37)
0.30 (±0.36)
0.28 (±1.11)
0.85
CPK (U/L)
123 (±160)
147 (±197)
114 (±126)
0.67
Albumin (g/dL)
3.8 (±0.6)
3.8 (±0.5)
3.9 (±0.6)
0.05
AST (U/L)
46 (± 24)
32 (± 16)
33 (± 27)
0.83
ALT (U/L)
23 (±18)
27 (± 11)
25 (± 25)
0.39
Creatinine (mg/dL)
Admission
1.8 (1.4-2.4)
1.9 (1.4-2.5)
1.7 (1.4-2.2)
0.45
Peak
2.1 (1.5-3.3)
2.3 (1.5-3.5)
1.9 (1.6-2.7)
0.16
Discharge
1.6 (1.2-2.6)
1.7 (1.2-2.8)
1.5 (1.2-1.9)
0.16
Blood urea (mg/dL)
39.0 (27.2-60.6)
42.8 (29.0-65.5)
36.6 (26.5-49.8)
0.01
GFR (at admission) (mL/min/1.73 m2)
53.08 (38.62-66.14)
52.33 (34.76-65.14)
54.74 (44.17-67.08)
0.14
Data are presented as mean (± SD), median (IQR), and (%). SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.
