Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated with Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Comparative Study between Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Table 4
Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariates associated with AKI in COVID-19 patients with diabetes.
Variable
Unadjusted OR
95% CI
value
Adjusted OR
95% CI
value
Age
1.01
0.98-1.04
0.51
0.98
0.93-1.03
0.47
Male sex
0.63
0.28-1.40
0.26
1.56
0.44-5.47
0.49
Body mass index
1.03
0.96-1.11
0.40
0.99
0.89-1.10
0.82
Cardiovascular disease
2.81
1.25-6.32
0.01
4.38
1.11-17.32
0.04
Hypertension
1.31
0.60-2.86
0.50
0.55
0.15-2.02
0.37
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
0.84
0.08-8.33
0.88
0.04
0.01-1.67
0.09
Statins
2.24
1.01-4.96
0.05
5.46
1.12-26.57
0.04
ACEI/ARB
2.10
0.96-4.58
0.06
1.53
0.38-6.18
0.55
Diuretics
3.43
1.14-10.31
0.03
1.78
0.28-11.48
0.54
Calcium channel blocker
1.94
0.57-6.55
0.29
6.67
0.86-52.04
0.07
Invasive mechanical ventilation
4.15
1.22-14.10
0.02
11.57
1.89-70.93
0.01
CT severity score
1.09
0.99-1.19
0.08
1.08
0.96-1.21
0.18
Hematuria
12.71
2.55-63.39
0.002
7.55
0.49-115.40
0.15
Proteinuria
7.08
2.41-20.85
<0.001
12.23
1.81-82.78
0.01
HBA1c
1.24
1.04-1.49
0.02
1.44
1.10-1.90
0.01
values are significant at the 0.05 level. AKI: acute kidney injury; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CT: computed tomography; HBA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
