Identification of Novel GCK and HNF4α Gene Variants in Japanese Pediatric Patients with Onset of Diabetes before 17 Years of Age

Table 1

Subject characteristics ().

Phenotype	Subjects
Male/female	17/28^a
Age (years) at the time of diagnosis
Age at diabetes onset
≤5 years	5/1^a
>5 years to ≤10 years	4/10
>10 years to ≤15 years	8/15
>15 years to ≤25 years	0/2
Blood glucose concentrations (mg/dL)
OGTT 0 min
OGTT 60 min
OGTT 120 min
IRI (μU/mL)
OGTT 0 min
OGTT 60 min
OGTT 120 min
HbA1c (%) at diagnosis (NGSP)
mmol/mol (SI)	59
^bBody mass index (kg/m^2)/obesity index (%)	/
C-peptide (ng/mL) (pre)
β-Cell antibodies (GAD/IA-2A)	No
Diabetic ketoacidosis	1/45
Urine glucose	39/46 (86.7%)
^cFamily history of diabetes (%)
In one parent	40/45 (88.9%)
In a second-degree relative	33/45 (73.3%)
In a third-degree relative	14/45 (31.1%)
In a sibling	4/456 (8.9%)

Age at the time of diagnosis, blood glucose concentrations, HbA1c, and insulin dose are represented as . ^aLeft/right denotes male/female. ^bAll subjects were non-obese. ^cNumber of subjects with a sibling, or first–third-degree relative with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. NGSP: National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; SI: International System of Units; ND: no data.