Increased Arterial Stiffness as a Predictor for Onset and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Independent associations of tertiles of baPWV with the presence and/or severity of DR.

	Crude		Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value
The presence of DR
T1 baPWV	Ref.		Ref.
T2 baPWV	1.50 (1.19, 1.88)	0.001	1.59 (1.21, 2.10)	0.001
T3 baPWV	2.68 (2.16, 3.35)	<0.001	2.73 (2.00, 3.74)	<0.001
The severity of DR
NSTDR
T1 baPWV	Ref.		Ref.
T2 baPWV	1.50 (1.18, 1.90)	<0.001	1.62 (1.22, 2.15)	<0.001
T3 baPWV	2.43 (1.93, 3.06)	<0.001	2.58 (1.86, 3.58)	<0.001
STDR
T1 baPWV	Ref.		Ref.
T2 baPWV	1.47 (0.78, 2.78)	0.235	1.44 (0.71, 2.91)	0.310
T3 baPWV	4.87 (2.82, 8.43)	<0.001	3.87 (1.87, 8.02)	<0.001

Abbreviations: DR: diabetic retinopathy; NDR: non-DR; NSTDR: non-sight-threatening DR; STDR: sight-threatening DR. The fully adjusted logistic models were controlled for age, gender, BMI, current smoker, MAP, antihypertensive drugs, history of cardiovascular disease, duration of T2DM, HbA1c, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, lipid-lowering drugs, eGFR, albuminuria, uria acid, ALT, and AST. presents a value reaching statistical significance.