Increased Arterial Stiffness as a Predictor for Onset and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 2
Clinical characteristics of patients in the follow-up analysis divided by tertiles of baPWV.
T1 baPWV
T2 baPWV
T3 baPWV
value
()
()
()
Age (years)
<0.001
Gender (male/female)
148/71
123/95
115/111
0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.202
Current smoker (, %)
65 (29.7%)
56 (25.7%)
41 (18.2%)
0.017
Alcohol consumption (, %)
35 (16.0%)
37 (17.0%)
41 (18.2%)
0.821
Hypertension (, %)
64 (29.2%)
125 (57.3%)
171 (75.7%)
<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)
<0.001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
0.001
Antihypertensive drugs
39 (17.8%)
76 (34.9%)
114 (50.9%)
<0.001
History of CVD (, %)
24 (11.0%)
27 (12.4%)
35 (15.5%)
0.382
Duration of T2DM (months)
36.0 (1.0, 76.5)
63.5 (15.8, 148.0)
109.0 (38.00, 167.0)
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
0.020
Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L)
0.208
Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL)
0.149
Hyperlipidemia (, %)
154 (70.3%)
146 (67.0%)
167 (73.9%)
0.355
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.65 (1.10, 2.52)
1.54 (1.06, 2.50)
1.59 (1.09, 2.33)
0.465
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
0.983
HDL-c (mmol/L)
0.237
LDL-c (mmol/L)
0.944
Drugs for hyperlipidemia
58 (26.5%)
60 (27.5%)
72 (31.9%)
0.477
ALT (U/L)
0.016
AST (U/L)
0.209
Creatinine (μmol/L)
0.552
Urea nitrogen (mmol/L)
<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
<0.001
Uric acid (μmol/L)
0.479
Albuminuria
0.002
Normoalbuminuria (, %)
169 (80.1%)
159 (76.4%)
139 (63.2%)
Microalbuminuria (, %)
35 (16.6%)
42 (20.2%)
70 (31.8%)
Macroalbuminuria (, %)
7 (3.3%)
7 (3.4%)
11 (5.0%)
baPWV (m/s)
<0.001
Newly onset or progression of DR (, %)
26 (11.9%)
41 (18.7%)
44 (19.6%)
0.052
Continuous variables are shown as for parametric data or median (interquartile ranges) for nonparametric data. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. Abbreviations: BP: blood pressure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; DR: diabetic retinopathy. indicates the difference among the three groups reaching significance.
